Our War On Drugs Essay Example for Free

Our War On drugs EssayA drug can be described as a chemical substance that influences how an individuals body and mind works (Rees 2005 p. 5). It is un super acid today to hear the word drugs on televisions and read them in magazines. doses ar virtually everywhere and there is uninterrupted development of these drugs. They be used by people for conglomerate reasons ranging from healthful to recreational purposes. drugs that are taken as medicines include antibiotics and penicillin among others. However some drugs are illegal. They include cocaine, ten, marijuana, cannabis, heroin, crack, methamphetamines, LSD (acid), alcohol and magic mushrooms. These illegal drugs are also known as recreational drugs and many are gotten from plants growth in various parts of the world. Amphetamines are drugs that can be inhaled, or eaten in form of tables. Heroin is smoked or taken as an injection. Marijuana on the other hand consists of a brown resin. It is mostly smoked in cigaret tes and it can also be eaten (Rees 2005 p. 30). Abuse of drug use is known as drug addiction. When a person constantly takes these illegal drugs for recreational purposes this addiction develops as a process and not instantly.Addiction to drugs affects individuals of multicultural, geographically diverse, across gender and racial classes. The initial steps are very moderate but their increased use results to a state of life threatening situation. Withdrawals are hardly achieved as the issue becomes of medical concern. Those who abuse drugs have their various reasons. They argue that drugs attend them alleviate stress, boosts their morale and confidence, makes them feel good about themselves among many other things. medicine abuse has various adverse effects.Some of the effects include rises in blood pressure, vomiting, impairs memory and judgment capability of an individual. Other effects are unretentive decision making, accidents, impaired health and poor relationships. The cons equences of these are physical, psychological and emotional instability on the drug abuser. The individual hence suffers from depression (Rick 2005 p30) A bigger number of people who abuse drugs decide to quit at some point but this is often difficult since once a person is given up to drugs, it is almost impossible to avoid taking them as they mostly experience withdrawal symptoms.The symptoms are for good example body aches, sweating, and flu in the case of heroin. Nicotine on the other hand results to fatigue and premature aging affecting the skin, body shape and body weight. On the other hand, fast withdrawals could result to dangerous impacts. For instance tranquilizers could be dangerous resulting in high blood pressure, vomiting, temperature and stomach cramps (Rees 2005 p. 42) Our War on Drugs The war on drugs is a move undertaken by the unify States including help from other participating countries whose priority is to eliminate trade in illegal drugs.It traces its orig in way back in 1880 where there was a memorandum of dread between coupled States and China to prohibit trade in opium between the two countries (http//www. nh-dwi. com/caip-213. htm). Today in America, mostly the youth experiment with these illegal drugs and they do it for various reasons. Some do it for recreational purposes whereas others are simply addicts as they cannot do without them. The United States government and the general public have become touch on about drug abuse and addiction.The government became more concerned about the issue in the sixties when the youth mostly college students protested against the Vietnam war and in the 1960s and 1970s they began using licit and illicit drugs on a large scale for the first time (Fleckenstein Hanson Venturelli 2005 p. 125). As a starting point the United States government introduced new strategies for tackling this issue of drug use and abuse. These strategies include fill reduction, inoculation, supply reduction, interdic tion and drug courts. The use of drug courts has become a common strategy.The supply reduction is a strategy aimed at reducing and controlling supply of illegal drugs. Demand reduction aims at reducing the individuals tendencies to abuse drugs particularly the youth. It places emphasis on reforming behaviors. Inoculation on the other hand attempts to protect drug users by informing them on their responsibilities. Drug courts on the other hand integrate incentives, sanctions, treatment and ensure that nonviolent drug addicts are placed in rehabilitation programs.Lastly interdiction is a policy aimed at halt the supply of these illicit drugs (Fleckenstein, Hanson Venturelli, 2005 p. 25). In the United States of America, there are quite a number of law enforcements make fors on drugs that have been established to control drug abuse. They include Harrison Acts that looks into the production, sale, importation and distribution of opium. The other Act is the Narcotic Drug Import and E xport Act aimed at alleviating use of narcotics but it is exceptional for medicinal and other legitimate use. Heroin Act of 1924 prohibited the manufacturing of drugs. The Marijuana Tax Act also controlled the production, sale and distribution of marijuana.The Opium Pappy confine Act restricted the refining of opium poppies in the United States except if one is licensed to do so. Narcotics control act on the other hand intended to establish suffer penalties to individuals who stone-broke the marijuana or narcotics laws. Drug Abuse Control Amendments (DACA) was established to adopt stuff controls over barbiturates, amphetamines, LSD among others moreover the Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act (NARA) was established to rehabilitate drug addicts in the three programs that is voluntary, sentencing to death addicts who are convicted and the pretrial civil commitment.In 1988, the Anti-Drug Abuse Act introduced the office of National Drug Control to oversee policies on research controll ing drug abuse. Lastly the 2000 Drug Addiction Treatment Act gave a go ahead to physicians to visit narcotics for the treatment of oploid addiction (Fleckenstein, Hanson Venturelli, 2005 p. 135). The white House National Drug Control Strategy in 2006 declared it stand and wish to balance the reduction in supply and demand of illegal drugs in the United States of America. It also outlined programs intended to curb abuse of drugs.In the same year, the National Drug Control Strategy pointed out its aim of supporting random student testing, intervention, screening, prevention, treatment and support for drug courts examining methamphetamines and making the United States southwest border secure (uninfo. state. gov/xarchives/display. gtm/? p. ). other regulatory law enforcement body concerning drug abuse in the United States is the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Its mission is to control drugs and provide laws and regulations regarding drug abuse. The National Drug control Strat egy established a ten year plan to reduce drug abuse.It also aims at reducing Americas demand for drugs by offering treatment and supply through law enactments (http//www. usembassy-mexico. gov/bbfbfdossier-combDrogas. htm). The above drug laws indiscriminate use of drugs and it is through the legislation that licit and illicit drugs are determined. The government of the United States tries to meet public needs and control pressure through these rules and regulations. Due to the advancement in technology in todays society, trained experts and government agencies provide information and protection on drug abuse.Are we winning the war on drugs? In my opinion, I do not believe that we are winning the war on drugs. I have based my judgment according to various reasons. Since the prohibition of drug abuse in 1937 in the United States of America marijuana once considered for Mexican immigrants has been actively used by 20-37% of the youth in the United States. The same applies to the use of cocaine, ecstasy and methamphetamines (World Drug Report, 2000). The continual trade in drugs is also another factor that has severely bear on efforts by the government to prevent drug abuse and addiction.The United States of America is largely affected more so because of its population and largest budget that focuses on enforcement. President George W. Bush in February 2002 established a National Drug Control Strategy based on the Principles of stopping the usage of drugs, disrupting the market and curing Americas drug addicts (Policy and Program Development, 2002). Evidence also shows that the sorry law in the United States has had only small success in preventing drug abuse. It is approximated that in 2004, 39% of students in the 12th grade used an illicit-drug, 34% was marijuana, cocaine 5% and LSD 2%.Also, those aged 12 and above who use illegal drugs as estimated by National Survey is 19. 5 gazillion in the United States (Fleckenstein, Hanson Venturelli, 2005 p. 140). I n the United States, family structures have changed considerably having half of all women working outside home and the divorce rate is quite high. This has affected the nurturing of children by all these single parents.Family and friends have also contributed to the increasing drug abuses since they are ready to bail out and offer excuses for those who have been convicted (Fleckenstein, Hanson Venturelli, 2005 p. 40). To conclude, it is therefore patent that the war on drugs is still far from being over. It is therefore essential that the society works hard to stop abuse of drugs which is causing deaths on a massive scale. It is essential for individuals to know that the effects of drugs on the social life, economic life, emotional and spiritual life are adverse. The extreme case of addiction to these drugs is the photograph of the individual person to death.

RJR Nabisco Case Study Essay Example for Free

RJR Nabisco sideslip Study EssayExecutive SummaryThe RJR Nabisco case study was used to implement concepts that I have learned in class during the semester and apply it to the real world. The Nabisco case allowed me to relegate my skills by using an outgo Worksheet, understanding how to calculate the reasonable harbor price per share, and determining the fair look upon price per share by changing the tax roll and growth rate.First, I was expected to construct an Excel Worksheet. Using the given data and analyzing the case, I was suitable to find all of the fixed variables needed in the Excel Worksheet. Using these fixed variables, I was able to use my prior skills in Excel to construct equations to find the dependent variables, such as the fair grade price per share.This case also helped me develop my skills in calculating the fair value price per share. Using the different variables given in this case, I was able to use equations to find the best compute for the fair value price per share of RJR Nabisco.The third benefit I gained from this assignment was how the tax rate and growth rate affected the fair value price per share. Using the previous data and the reusable Excel Sheet, I was able to find the changes in the fair value price per share imputable to changes in the tax and growth rate.Overall, the RJR Nabisco case helped me develop my skills in using Excel Worksheets. It also let me apply what I have learned in class about calculating the fair value price per share, and allowed me to experience it in a more realistic setting. I was also able to take hold of how changes in the tax rate and growth rate affect the fair value price per share.1. Construct a reusable Excel sheet that computes the fair value per share using the information given in the case. Please make sure that your Excel sheet can closely approximate the value per share given in the case ($108).I was able to construct an Excel Worksheet (see page 5) that was able to use the i nformation given in the RJR Nabisco Case Study. I was able to make it using different variables that would allow me to change the tax rate andgrowth rate to get the next two answers.2. In your Excel sheet, change the input cell for tax rate to 15%. What is the new fair value per share?By changing the tax rate to 15%, it causes the price per share to increase to $123.193. Change the tax rate back to 34% and this time change the perpetual growth rate to 5%. What is the new fair value per share?By changing the tax rate back to 34% and moving the growth rate up to 5%, it causes the price per share to increase to $125.14.

Environmental Analysis Of Brazil Marketing Essay

Environmental Analysis Of brazil-nut tree nut Marketing Es positDAIM Co. is the company that has been operating successfully for the past 15 years providing and manufacturing information processing system and calculating machine devices and considered as the commercialise leader in the Malaysian market. Due to the tall competition in the market, the manager of DAIM Co. intends to persuade companys BOD (Board of Directors) to penetrate brazil-nut treeian market. The chief(prenominal) idea of the business is to sell computers and computer devices in brazil.The main purpose of this assignment is to perform environmental analysis of Brazil, to identify possible opportunities and flagellums, and to analyze how the environmental factors in terms of goernmental-legal, social, economic and technological environment can affect the international operation functions and decision-making of a business. Also, this research paper provides most appropriate market entry strategy.Selected Pr oduct Computer and computer devicesExecutive Summary flag_of_brazil.png images.jpgGeographyIt is a country that situates in the South America, and innocents largest nation. Borders almost exclusively the countries on the continent except Chile and Ecuador and has exit to Atlantic Ocean that makes country palmy to access by the sea. The surface ara of the country is 8 547 000 squ ar km. Brazil ranks as fifth largest country. The ceiling city is Brasilia, while the most important cities ar Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.Brazils climate is tropical due to the post of the country, with the south being temperate. (Appendix 1, semipolitical Map of Brazil)DemographyIt is the most populous nation in the South America, and worlds 6 country according to population after China, India, USA, Indonesia and Russian Federation. The population of brazil is equal to 190,732,694 people as of August 2010, which is 2.76% of Worlds Population. And the birth rate is 22.65 births per 1,000 populatio ns.Different ethnic groups can be exposit as follows 55% be whites of European descent, 22% are mulattous of mixed European and African Descent, 11% blacks and 0.1% Native Americans. (http//www.ibge.gov.br/english/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1766id_pagina=1 )Economic ProfileBrazil has best economy among all countries in Latin America. Since its independence September 7, 1822 the economy is rapidly developing. And the result by 2010 isGDP (nominal exchange rate) $ 2.1 trillion.GDP (purchasing office parity) $2.194 trillion. (Appendix 2, GDP of Brazil)Annual corporeal evolution (2010) 7.5%.Natural resources Iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium, gemstones, oil, wood, and aluminum. Brazil has 14% of the worlds renewable fresh water.Agriculture (6% of GDP)Productssoybeans, coffee, sugarcane, cocoa, rice, livestock, corn, oranges, cotton, wheat, and tobacco.Industry (28% of GDP)Typessteel, commercial aircraft, chemicals, petrochemicals, footwear, ma chinery, motors, vehicles, auto parts, consumer durables, cement, and lumber.Exchange rate (March 3, 2011) U.S. $1 = 1.65 Brazilian reals.International BusinessTrade balance of Brazil as for 2011 is $20 billion surplus.Exports $202 billion.Major markets of exports are China 15%, USA 10%, genus Argentina 9%.Imports $182 billion.Major providers are USA 15%, China 14%, and Argentina 8%. (http//www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm)PESTLE AnalysisPESTLE is a strategic management tool that provides useful framework to analyze the environmental pressures on Business (Goyal et al, 2009).PoliticalBrazil is a federal republic with 26 states and a federal district. The 1988 nature grants broad powers to the federal government, made up of executive, legislative, and judicial branches.Electing Lula da Silva in the 2002 as the president of Brazil has been described as a milestone, a starting point for secured democratic rule in the nation. This was an important in the establishment of economic no rms and practices for the country the more(prenominal) collectivized pretenses of state-run industry have been rejected, and significant international debt has been incurred to address the social ills facing the country. During the economic crisis in Latin America, the Brazilian economic situation becomes even more important the growth of the Brazilian market has come to bear significantly on the worlds economy.After the election thither have been significant improvements in the political environment, but political wrangling still exists, and a fragmented congress means economic risks still remain.Issues surrounding policy implementation mean that evaluate future reachs from current policies are uncertain.EconomicBrazilian economy is the largest in the South America region country has well developed agriculture, mining, manufacturing and service sector. From 2003, Brazil improved its macroeconomic situation, built foreign relations, reduced internal debt, kept splashiness rate under control. Later during the financial crisis Brazilian economy had a solid performance and its strong and early reco genuinely, including 2010 growth of 7.5%, have contributed to the countrys transition from a regional to a global power. Expected to continue to grow in the 4% to 5% range, the economy is the worlds eighth-largest and is expected to rise to fifth within the next several years. During the administration of former President Lula, surging exports, economic growth and social programs helped lift tens of millions of Brazilians out of poverty.SocialThe large and growing consumer market provides a strong basis for considering market entry. It is unlikely that overall workforce availableness ordain be an issue, given the option of using international labor if requirements cannot be met locally.Labor costs are attractive but there are significant costs on top of basic wages and requirements for additional training.TechnologicalBrazil is a leader in science and technology in South America and in some fields a global leader, such as bio fuels, agricultural research, deep-sea oil production, and remote sensing. U.S. Government, private sector, and schoolman researchers have extensive ties with Brazilian counterparts, and the extent of bilateral scientific and technological cooperation is expanding. The Brazilian Government seeks to develop an environment that is more supportive of innovation, taking scientific advances from the laboratory to the marketplace.LegalThe Legal rules governing business activities in Brazil are basically laid down in federal legislation, but constitution allows Federal Government to legislate on certain matters related to business activities, such as tax, financial and economic issues, liability for environmental and consumer damages. Federal Governments power is limited to enacting basic rules on such issues, whereas States and Federal District have authority to legislate on a supplementary basis, in line with the popular rules laid down in the federal legislation.Brazil offers bighearted business opportunities for foreign investors, in light of its economic potential, its diversified economy and its huge domestic market, now considerably expanded as a result of several international trade agreements entered into with economic blocks and countries the World over.EnvironmentalAccording to the geographical location of Brazil, it is very easy accessible by the sea, this means the country has an exit to the Atlantic Ocean. The raw materials, equipment, and products can easily be delivered by the sea which is not costly comparing to transportation by air.Also, according to the geographical location of the country there is no natural disaster like earthquakes and tsunami, which may wee stoppage of the business.Due to the large size, the climate of Brazil is different, even though the most part of the country is within tropical zone. The climate of Brazil experiments deuce seasons the rainy which is su mmer and dry season which is winter. There is no cold at all, so the climate is partly same as in Malaysia, and it is very suitable for doing business in this country.Market and Segment AnalysisSTP (Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning) is the essence of marketing. (Kotler, 1994, p. 93)Segmentation is theprocessof defining and subdividing amarketinto clearly specifiablesegments having similarneeds,wants, ordemandcharacteristics.(http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/market-segmentation.html)Demographic Segmentation refers to a wide study of the potential customers (Kotler, P., 2002). It consists of the variables such as age, income, occupation and gender.The below plot demonstrates the age segmentation13-25 years for Education and Entertainment25-65 years for doing business.Segment.jpgThe income level is an important part of segmentation, everyone can afford computers and computer devices, because nowadays there to many types of devices and they vary in pricing. It is available for all levels of users, occupation and gender.Geographic Segmentation is done by dividing people (markets) into different geographical locations. (Kotler Armstrong, 2002, p.252)Here, the main target will be main cities like capital Brasilia, and the most important cities in the country Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.Targeting system is theselectionofpotentialcustomersto whom abusiness wishes tosellproductsorservices. The targetingstrategy involves segmenting the market, choosing whichsegments of the market areappropriate, and determining the products that will be offered in each segment. (http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/targeting-strategy.html)Mostly computer devices will be selling to the big companies who need computers to operate their business and customers who uses computers that need devices to coordinate their busy schedules and communicate with colleagues, friends and family.Also, high schools, colleges and different educational institutions will be targeted in Brazil.Positioning Strategy stateshow thefirmdefinesitsbusinessor how abranddistinguishes itself, how thecustomerswill benefit from itsfeatures, and how thesebenefitsor aspects will be communicated to the intendedaudience.(http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/positioning-statement.html)We are positioning our computers and computer devices as the versatile, convenient, value-added devices for doing business, personal and professional use. The marketing strategy will focus on the convenience of doing business, entertainment with access to the internet.Mode of Entry to the MarketThe proposed carriage to enter Brazilian market is through Joint Venture strategy, which is defined as a contractual business undertaking between two or more parties. It is similar to a business partnership, with one key difference a partnership generally involves an ongoing, long-term business relationship, whereas a occasion act is based on a single business transaction.Establishment of juncture ventures is a common practice in Brazil. A major motivation for joint ventures is to pair foreign firms with Brazilian partners to compete in segments of the government procurement market or in other markets subject to government regulation, such as telecommunications, computers and capital goods. Formation of a joint venture can be accomplished through a variety of business entities.Entering a joint venture is a complex, and sometimes, time consuming process. As any type business structure, it holds a good opportunity for anyone to grow and make money tumultuous but just like any other business type joint venture also holds threat to anyone who wants to enter.Porters 5 ForcesPorters fives forces modelis a model which is using to analyze a particular environment of an industry in terms of Competitive controversy, power of suppliers, power of buyers, threats of substitutes and threat of new entrants.Competitive contenderWhen entering to the market, the first thing you h ave to do is to analyze competitive rivalry in the country you going to set your business. If entry to an industry is easy then competitive rivalry will likely to be high. If it is easy for customers to move to substitute products for example from coke to water then again rivalry will be high. Generally competitive rivalry will be high if There is little differentiation between the products sold between customers. Actually, there is not so much difference between computer devices sold in different companies. This means the customers will look for those products which have better forest or long life cycle of the product, in other words durability. Competitors are approximately the same size of each other. Those companies who are operating as retailers only, will face a big trouble against big companies. The buyers prefer to work with best, well known companies who provide stability and confidence to them.Power ofsuppliersSuppliers are also essential for the success of anorganization . Raw materials are needed to complete the finish product of the organization.Suppliersdo have power. This power comes from If they are the onlysupplieror one of fewsupplierswhosupplythat particular raw material. If it costly for theorganizationto move from onesupplierto other If there is no other substitute for their product.Power of buyersBuyers or customers can exertinfluenceand control over an industry in certain circumstances. This happens when There is little differentiation over the product and substitutes can be found easily. Customers are sensitive to price. The pricing should not be high, it must suit their expectations. The overall life concerns in Brazil are low, this means we have to identify the prices in relation to the customers, are they able to buy our products. If the prices will be high, the customer will switch to another product or company which is not costly for them.Threat of SubstitutesThis is about the alternative products that customers can purchase over your product that offer the same benefit for the same or less price. Threat of substitute is high when the price of your PC is higher than your competitors price, or when competitors decide to cut the prices of their products. In this industry, we can say that there is high competition, so this can bring to losing customers because customers sometimes are willing to substitute and compare the products or companies itself.Threat of new entrantThe threat of a neworganizationentering the industry is high when it is easy for an organizationto enter the industry.Anorganizationwill look at how loyal customers are to existing products, how quickly they can achieve economy of scales, would they have access tosuppliers, wouldgovernment legislationprevent them or encourage them to enter the industry.Actually, there is high probability that other companies will enter the market and will compete with you in the market.ConclusionDoing business in Brazil may be very profitable to the internationa l companies. All the factors that may affect the business are positively affecting the business. PC industry is developing on Brazil. And there are many drivers to start your own business in the Brazil.International companies have advantage over the local companies, as they are undervalued and in need of restructuring, capital and technology. There is creative and flexible labor force, which is not expensive comparing to other countries. Growth potential of consumer market is very high. Privatization in late stages, inflation is under control in the last 10 years. There is increasing globalization and international trade. Foreign investors are eligible for most available monetary incentives. And established transportation networks such as railways, highways, ports make it easy to operate in Brazil.

Identifying Work Place Hazards Construction Essay

Identifying Work Place incidents Construction EssayInjuries at the place of educate are of major concern for all people leased in the business operations for an organization.The issues which cause strokes took place in the body of school and work-related ill health are called as Hazards. The demand for organized organization of OHS hazards and their associated encounters applies to all business/unions/organizations etc and all activities and functions within an organization.It is of worth importance to polariate b/w hazard, attempt and vulnerability when undertaking chance concern.Hazard is the probable for harm, or unpleasant effect on an employees health. Everything that shtup cause injury or illness to bothbody at or tightfitting the place of work may be called as hazard. attempt is the likelihood that a hazard forget cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a workplace. The level of risk increases with the severity of the hazard and the duration and fr equency of exposure or vulnerability.Vulnerability/exposure happens whenever anybody comes into contact with a hazard.Risk management transit consists of four stepsIdentifying the Potential HazardsAssessing The Risks Associated With The HazardsControlling the riskReviewing the transitThe graduation and most significant step in reducing the opportunity of an accident/mishap is hazard identification. This means recognizing all workplace government agencys or events that can lead to cause an injury or illness.The second step is an valuation of the level of risk of the hazards that have been identifies during the first step. This step engages in collecting information and building conclusion. It is imperative you consider the level of the damage/destruction or consequence from a hazard and the likelihood of harm occurring. If your legal opinion is that an un satisfying risk to health and safety exists, you must introduce applys to reduce the risk to an acceptable level.There are three categories of, you might yield, while control measures. You canget rid of the hazardreducing the riskintroducing back-up controls (this point will be applied, after all otherwise options in the last two categories have been worn out).The third step in successful risk management is to pundit and maintain systems which provide opportunity for day to day evaluation and check into procedures.Evaluation means examining control measures to correspond risks are eradicated or minimized and no unacceptable risk is being ca utilise by unsanded hazards. The estimation system applies to the risk management process on the whole and checks the process is work efficiently to identify hazards and manage risks.Management of the Risks is an organizational issue and a productive program needs the assurance and cooperation of all. All the program managers and their ply need to acknowledge the fundamental importance of OHS risk management, for it to work. The most valuable trust is i m imbeding OHS risk management into daily usage at all levels of an organization. Best practice can be achieved if you can integrate risk management principles and practices into everyday business practice.1. IDENTIFY THE HAZARDSHazard identificationThe 1st step in minimizing the probability of an accident/mishap/disaster is hazard identification, which relates to identify all situations or events that may cause to an injury or illness. Eliminating/minimizing place of work hazards requires a methodical approach. It is demand to try and anticipate all potential hazards at the workplace recognized as the what if? approach.What is of Hazard?It is a source or potential source of any individuals injury, illness or disease. Anything which might cause to an injury or illness to anyone at or near the place of work is a hazard. While a number of hazards are quite clear and easy to recognize, others are not for casing exposure to noise, chemicals or radiation.Classes of hazardHazards are c lassified into five different types. They areBiological hazards comprises of animals, Bacteria, Insects, Mildew, Mould, Vermin, Viruses.Chemical hazards comprises of chemical stuff such as acids or poisons and those that may cause to fire or explosion, cleaning agents, dusts and fumes from various(a) processes such as welding.Mechanical and/or electrical hazards comprises of cranes, dangerous goods, Electricity, Equipment, fork lifts, hoists, Machinery, pressure vessels.Physical hazards comprises of air quality, excessively loud and prolonged noise, falling objects, fire, Floors, hot pants and cold, ladders, manual handling (lifting, pushing, pulling), poor lighting, radiation, slippery surfaces, Stairs, steps, ventilation, vibration, work platforms.Psychosocial milieu hazards comprise of workplace stressors occurred due to a variety of sources.Note some chemical and somatogenic hazards can direct to explosion, fire and other safety hazards.METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING HAZARDSThe 1s t step in control of a hazard is to recognize and list them. Many other methods which are useful for identifying hazards, includesbenchmarking against or liaising with similar workplaces.considering Occupational Health Safety implications, when analyzing work processes.consulting with workforce, health safety responsible persons and OHS Committee membersreceiving feedback from workers can often pass around precious information about hazards, since they have hands on experience in their area of workinjury and ill health records evaluate your employees stipend data and ensure the occurrence, mechanism agency of injury, and the cost to the organization. The organization can be altered to examine the information of presence of hazardsinvestigating workplace incidents and near hits reports in some cases there may be more than one hazard contributing to an incidentperforming walkthrough surveys, checking or safety audits in the workplace to review Health Safety system of the organ ization.2. ASSESS THE dangerSAssessment of risksWhen a hazard has been identified, do a risk assessment. A risk assessment process means youcollect information about every identified hazardconsider the number of people exposed to each hazard and the duration of the exposureuse the information to assess the likelihood and consequence of each hazarduse a risk assessment table to work out the risk associated with each hazardFactors for considerationThe following factors should be considered during the risk assessment processthe hazards nature posing the riskcombinations of hazardsinjuries or illnesses types predictable from exposureconsequences of duration and exposure to the hazardlayout of workstation workplaceworking stance and positionnew work processes introductionemployees skill experience levelpersonal characteristics of employees exposed to the risk (colour blindness or hearing impairment)existing control measures in place such as the use of clothing and personal protective equipment.TABLE FOR fortune ASSESSMENTUsing risk assessment table is the one method of assessing risks. Record the risk rating for each hazard you have identified. To construct an assessment matrix, you canset up a specialist risk assessment teamget expert/specialist recommendationbrainstorm within the workplace, curiously with employees, health and safety representatives and OHS committee members they are often a valuable source of information and experience.Before introducing new or changed work practices, substances or plant review your original assessment. It is good management to do regular reviews.CONSEQUENCESLIKELIHOODVery LikelyLikelyUn plausiblyHighlyUnlikelyFatality loftyRISKHIGHRISKHIGHRISK specialityRISKMajorInjuriesHIGHRISKHIGHRISKMEDIUMRISKMEDIUMRISKMinorInjuriesHIGHRISKMEDIUMRISKMEDIUMRISKLOWRISKNegligibleInjuriesMEDIUMRISKMEDIUMRISKLOWRISKLOWRISKRisk Assessment TableUSING A RISK ASSESSMENT TABLEBy using risk assessment table, assessments of likelihood and outcome s can be translated into levels of risks. High risk areas can be given first priority for removal or control in the place of work.Consequence or extent of the injury or illness were it to happen, can be rated in the following wayFatal accident solemn or major injury (severe damage to health which may be permanent, wanting medical attention constant treatment). Such damage is likely to hold significant time off workMinor injury (temporary health damage, which may need medical attention but partial ongoing treatment). This is less(prenominal) possible to involve significant time off workInsignificant injuries (first aid only with little or no lost time). Unlikely to involve more than 1 day off work.Likelihood, or the chance of each of the situations or events actually occurring, can be rated in the following way.Very likely (bared to hazard continuously)Likely (bared to hazard occasionally)Unlikely (could occur but only rarely)Highly unlikely (could occur, but probably never will)Th is categorization would be used very rarely.Acting on the findingsThe probable conclusions which might be drawn from risk assessment process and the actions that might be taken are listed on a lower floor1. Risks are not significant now and not likely to increase in future.Actionsend current assessment and record assessment detailsreview assessment if situation changes or in 2 yearsprovide induction and ongoing trainingfollow safe working procedures2. Risks are abundant but already effectively controlled, could increase in the future.Actionsconclude safety measures to retain controls and reducing the chances of higher exposure occurringconclude extra measures for regaining control if a high risk event occurs, despite safety measuresconclude if supervise or health observation is indispensable to check efficiency of controlsif situation changes or in 2 years then review assessmentgive orientation continual trainingreassure that safe secure working measures are followed.3. Risks a re significant now, and not adequately controlled.Actionsrecognize and employ instant measures for stopping or controlling exposureconsider stopping the processcommence review of longer term control requirementsre-evaluate exposures when the upgraded control measures are in placedetermine if monitoring or health surveillance is requiredprovide induction and ongoing trainingensure that safe working measures are followedBut if there is still uncertainty about risks and not luxuriant information is available or unsure about the level of exposure, then the following actions should be considered.Acquire more/additional information. Apply good practice to minimize exposure until more information is availableGet specialist advice if necessaryArrive at conclusion 1, 2 or 3 and take the appropriate actions.Summary of key pointsAssess all reasonably foreseeable workplace hazards which may affect the health or safety of employees or other persons at work. Ask yourselfhow serious could it be?w hat is the likelihood of its occurrence?what is the significance of the risks?are risks assessed following the hazard identification exercise?are risks to others considered?are records of assessment maintained?which identified hazards create a significant risk?3. CONTROL THE RISKSControl measuresOnce a hazard has been identified then the correct conformation of action is to use control measures which normally fall into three categories which are as followsget rid of the hazardreduce the riskuse succor controls when all other options in the previous categories have been exhausted.The best way to control a hazard is to eliminate it. The elimination of a hazard is the first choice in a system called the hierarchy of controls.Hierarchy of controlsThe order of priority in hazard control is as followsget rid of the hazard from the place of work completely. This is considered to be the best method to control a hazard. Removal of a noisy machine from a quiet area is an example of exclusio n.Substitute or modify the hazard. This can be done by replacing it with something less dangerous, for example, by using a paint which does not check over asthma- encouraging agents.Isolate the hazard. This can be done by physically eliminating it from the place of work.Use engineering methods to control the hazard at its source. The tools and the equipment can be redesigned and the local exhaust ventilation systems could be used to block the cause of a hazard.Use of administrative controls is management strategies that can be introduced to ensure the health and safety of workers.introducing personal protective equipment (PPE) as a provisional measure for reducing exposure to a hazard.4. MONITOR AND REVIEWA continual and recurrent processRisk management programs are recurring once the hazards related to current workplace are controlled successfully, then the process does not stop. Systematic monitoring and reviews must be apply because of the probable for new hazards to be introd uced into a workplace. These hazards can be due toa change in work environment (moving to a different office, staff reduction)the introduction of new staff with different skill/ knowledge levels.the introduction of new work practices or proceduresthe use of new technology, equipment or substancesPlanningEffective forward planning is an integral part of monitoring and reviewing risk management. You must address all issues before introducing new equipment and work procedures. For example, planning allows you to include OHS compliance into tender specifications for new equipment or services.Record keepingRecord keeping is an important part of monitoring and review. Systematic records will help to identify hazards and review the effectiveness of risk controls. Keep records which showdetails of workplace inspectionsworksheets/checklists used to identify hazardsmethods used to assess riskscontrol measures implementedreviews of workplace systems of work, or health and safety auditsany acti on that has been taken to fix particular hazardsinstruction or training done to ensure staff competencyhealth surveillance of staffmaintenance of plant and equipment.Achieving the desired resultsIt is important to keep checking that solutions to your workplace hazards are achieving the desired result. You can only ensure your control methods are working by regular monitoring and review.Meeting best practiceGood hazard management will result in compliance with set performance indicators. This is a positive sign that your agency is on the way to OHS best practice. Achieving best practice in OHS risk management results inincreases in staff moraledecreases in workers compensation costspromotion of a safety-conscious culture in the workplace.Summary of key pointsHas the program achieved its answer?Does it work?Is it being adhered to?What has been done to control the hazard and what remains to be done?Are new hazard control measures required?

Analysing Of The Riba Work Stages

Analysing Of The Riba Work introducesOn each of the initial form coiffes of a visualize the architect is involved in many ways and uses many skills. before the architect begins any black market they must be appointed under the RIBA concise conditions agreement or SW 99. The following is a brief system of what an architect does in a RIBA standard agreement between architect and client.The first two RIBA work heads come under term Preparation in the RIBA, Outline Plan of Work 2007. The first form is order A, Appraisal this mainly involves establishing the needs of the client. Three main tasks are carried out. Throughout the initial stages of the pop out constant communication between the architect and client takes place. Firstly, the architect must carry out studies to determine the feasibility of the Clients requirements. The architect may likewise polish the alternative design and construction approaches and the cost implications of each with the client. At this stage t he architect may also provide knowledge for reports on the cost implications.During stage B (Design Brief) the initial Statement of Requirements is developed into the Design Brief. Although this is the responsibility of the client the architect often contributes to its development additionally.Stages C, D and E come under the caput Design. This begins with Stage C (Concept), where the architect would ordinarily be required to prepare outline proposals for things, such(prenominal) as, the building structure and building services. The architects also develop fancy designs for project. Throughout this stage the architect impart be leasing with other members of the team, such as, engineers, quantity surveyors and planning supervisors. This communication helps the architect to provide the client with study on approximate construction costs and cost planning which must then be assessed by the client in the stage report.Stage D (Design Development) involves the accomplishment of the project brief and the further development of the concept designs. At this stage a cost estimate, or information for a cost estimate, must be provided and the architect will be work closely with statutory planning authorities, for instance, local planning departments. The architect must also prepare a luxuriant planning application, including drawings and an Access and Design Statement. At the end of stage D the architect must obtain signed approval by the client of a stage D report (this is broadly outlined in Task 3). The Shirebrook Academy has just seen the completion of this stage and has now been submitted to planning.b)Involvement by the architectural technologist in the science and technology of the building, rather than the creative and artistic side, is the main difference between the work of the architect and the architectural technologist. Many of the tasks undertaken lick with the work of the architect and a strong collaboration exists. For example, when working on st ages C and D both architect and architectural technologist may work to bilkher on developing the project brief and design programme, each contributing specific skills to the project. The architectural technologist may contribute by evaluating and advising upon environmental strategies and material specification, while the architect may work on spatial relationships and movement path diagrams.c)CIAT is a non-profit organization which aims to further the profession and the interests of people working within it. Being a member of CIAT gives many benefits. Firstly, CIAT is the only professional and chartered body that represents architectural technologists and technicians.The different grades of rank/qualification represent a persons competence in an area and this is recognised across the industry.As a student the main benefits of membership may be though the prospect of change magnitude career opportunities. Potential employers recognise the body and that you have a professional attit ude and commitment to developing. Membership also brings more direct benefits to a student, such as the vast access to current up to date information on policies and practices. This is available digitally online or though seminars and lectures. For instance, if up to date information on a certain material is needed for the Shirebrook school project, being a member of CIAT would give access to information sheets and technical guidance on the material. Being a member also provides the opportunity to network with other members allowing knowledge to be shared.Other benefits of membership include several free gifts and discounts. Members get free subscriptions to the Building Products magazine and discounts on other magazines and books, such as, the Architects Journal and books at the RIBA bookshop. Membership allows you to apply for scholarships and awards run by the body, in particular the assimilator Award for Technical Excellence in Architectural Technology, which again helps to ve rbalise your ability to employers. Finally, as a member free professional indemnity policy and legal support are available to you if needed.Few reasons for not joining CIAT exist so I would strongly advise you to join. The only perceivable draw abide is the membership fee, although as a student this would not apply to you.Task 3a)There are many reasons why the design team have elect to procure much of the Shirebrook project mutilate-site. Several drivers for change have made prefabrication the best choice. The political driver for off-site construction can be traced back to two documents published in1994 and 1998 Constructing the Team by Sir Michael Latham and Rethinking Construction by Sir John Egan. These reports were designed to drive the industry forward. The Latham report suggested partnering (between suppliers and clients) and both reports suggest that prefabrication can render greater on-site quality and efficiency and less time spent on site. Other driving forces towards o ff-site construction are the shortage of virtuoso(prenominal) onsite workers and more rigorous building regulations being put in place.Using off-site construction techniques can also has a more direct clashing on the project in terms of cost savings and quality improvements.Firstly, costs can be cut due to the several factors. The nature of off-site construction means than building can be erected quickly on site. This means that skilled workers spend less time on site, so do not need to be paid for long time periods. Secondly, off-site construction can lead to less wastage of materials because more components can be arranged and cut to size, thus, reducing cost of materials as well as the embodied carbon in the building. Spending less time on site also means that the risk of accidents occurring is reduced.Quality and performance of the construction can be improved greatly as manufacturing components in factories means that they can be clearcutness machined to high levels of accu racy within a controlled climate. Consequently, less of the construction process is subject to the risks associated with adverse weather which can lead to less defects and a greater quality finished product. With the use of off-site prefabrication the building regulations for such things as thermal and acoustic performance can be met more easily a good example of this is SIPs panels.In conclusion, both the Latham and Egan reports suggest off-site manufacture and the associated benefits of cost-effectiveness, safety and speed are the main reasons why the Shirebrook tutor is being procured in this way. Also, the current government BSF (Building instructs for the Future) initiative aims to replace or rebuild all secondary schools in England by 2020 this means that projects need to follow fast routs of procurement. The Shirebrook School will hopefully reach completion on time (aim for doors open to students in Sept 2010). This will be made more achievable by means of the use of off-s ite construction and prefabrication methods.b)The main drawbacks of off-site construction involve transport and logistics with transport being one area where prefabricated buildings are frequently criticised. too large units need to be transported usually by road this means more fuel is used contributing to greater emissions. The use and size of prefabricated components is also particular by the condition of the site transport and access. The maximum width for an unaccompanied load in the UK is 2.9 m (this can be increased to 4.3 m with a police escort). BRE output 209291Another drawback of off-site construction may be the longer lead in time for design and manufacture which may be required as a consequence of the involvement of additional parties. Effective coordination of component manufacture lines is required. If one component is late then there is a knock on effect on the whole construction time. Also, on conventional sites substituting a product is not usually a problems, w hereas, substituting or changing materials and products during the design of a building procured off-site may create problems in the factory.Some aesthetic limitations do exist especially in modular off-site construction techniques, however, in my opinion the benefits of off-site construction far outweigh the drawbacks.Task 4a)The main reason for work stage reports are because they provide an effective means of managing the project and maintaining control of the project. At the end of each of the RIBA work stage a reports is submitted to the client. Work stage reports faith information from different groups into one document. This allows the client to monitor the performance and progress of the entire project on a regular basis. After each stage the client can then give approval so that the project can continue to the next stage usually by signing off the work stage report, particularly at stages D and E.The initial work stage reports help by stating clear objectives of the project . Work stage reports can be used to identify changes to the project or project brief and allow subsequent changes and action to be taken. They allow clients to see things such as the resources and finance required to complete the project. For example at the end of each stage reports on costs can be analysed by the client to check the project remains viable and affordable. The report ensures that the design meets the needs of the client. The work stage system allows progression of the project. After each stage a new set of objectives or instructions can be laid out by the client for the following stage if required.Work stage reports may also be useful as they can be used to fulfil legal and authoritative obligations. For example, they can be used in the event of legal problems to show that proper procedures have been followed at each stage. Reports also ensure that safety procedures are followed and recorded and ensure that projects meet the required safety standards and requirements . In addition, work stage reports provide a comprehensive documentation of the construction process from start to finish.A work stage report at the end of stage D can be used to help obtain planning permission by submission to the relevant planning board. At the conclusion of Stage D, the satisfied client must sign off the Design and the Project Brief. After stage D any changes made by the client will mean additional expenses.b)Contents of Stage D reportThe following Stage D report outline contents page shows outputs associated with the Architects office. The report would usually also contain information from structural, electrical, environmental and mechanical engineers ( depending on the design).1. Finalised Project Brief developed from the Strategic Brief2. Detailed ProposalsDesign intentionsSite layout supply and spatial arrangementsBuild and construction informationEnvironmental systems information2.6 Environmental impact assessmentSchedule of Accommodation, showing areas, gros s areas and percentagesOutline SpecificationsRisk mind6. Full Planning application, application for listed building consent or application for conservation area consent, including6.1. Prototypes mock-ups and model images, in context with site6.2. Development proposals (drawings at 1200 for Comprehensive Design Project)6.3 Design and Access Statement6.4 Developments and changes to existing buildings7. A full set of project drawings. (The scope of which is shown below).8. Cost informationProjected cost estimateAn elemental cost planFirm cost planc)Accompanying drawing for stage D (all scales will depend on the nature and size of the project)Flow diagrams showing layouts and relationships. (Varying scales depending on nature of drawing up to around 150)Site plan, showing hard and touchy landscaping (1500 for Shirebrook School Development)All building floor plans in context with the surrounding landscape and buildings. (Scale 1200 for Shirebrook School Development).All make out eleva tions in context with the surrounding landscape and buildings. (Scale 1200 for Shirebrook School Development).Key Sections, annotated and showing materials and integration of services and systems (1200 and 1100 for Shirebrook School Development but up to 150 depending on nature of the drawing)

In act four of The Crucible, Arthur miller shows the varying views of :: Essay on The Crucible

In act four of The Crucible, Arthur miller shows the varying views of justice of the charactersHow does Arthur Miller use a range of dramatic techniques in modus operandi 4 toconclude his exploration of the theme of justice?In act four of The Crucible, Arthur Miller shows a turning pointfor some of the characters and that they pack an unfair and incorrectviewpoint of justice. In order to understand this, we need to look athow harshly John Proctor comes about to be judged by his wife andhimself. An new(prenominal) key idea to explore is how Judge Danforth does notseem very fair in making judgements, as he believes he is honest andscrupulous whereas he is a strong believer of theocracy and his viewof justice is warped. Another of the writers concerns is how asociety ensures justice and frankness when it believes that itsfundamental beliefs are under attack.John Proctor is at first one of the only characters in Salem who seesthe injustices of the court. Due to his ethical and moral b eliefs, hebelieves that by the end, the right thing will come about and justicewill be served. Proctor is able to see that Abigail is using herauthority to chance rid of Elizabeth so she can take her place as hiswife. Ill not give my wife to vengeance. By saving his wife andfriends, he himself ends up condemned. He does the right thing anddies for it, and once again, the court failed to recognise the truthbecause they were relying on their rulings of intangible evidence.By the end, Proctor seems purified as he does what is good even if itis leaving to kill him. In the film version, an extra scene showsAbigail talking to Proctor while he is imprisoned where she asks himto run away with her. However, by this time it is spare that hisfeelings for her have changed and blue lights show this coldness. Itbecomes obvious that by this time he does not care about Abigail andeven hates her. Furthermore, Proctor seems to take on the share ofJesus as he was persecuted and executed in similar ways to him. Inaddition, just before Proctor was hanged, Elizabeth said to him Youtake my sins upon you and Jesus took other peoples sins and died forthem. These dramatic techniques cause the audience to think of Proctoras a heroic person who has done nothing wrong.Proctors pride was the main reason for his death because he felt badabout what he had done with Abigail and then lied to try to save his

Animal Testing Should be Reduced :: Animal Testing

The common belief is that animal interrogation has accele yardd information and medicine a great deal, but the truth is simple animal experimentation has non cured a single disease. People have been misled into accept that animal experimentation is responsible for many miracle cures and medical breakthroughs for decades. The reason is very straightforward animals differ from creation greatlytoo much to be equal to have accurate results from experiments. The only progress with infectious disease made in the 20th century was made through improved nutrition, hygiene, and public sanitation. This is not a result of animal research. In response, many ask this question what about the polio vaccine? Was it not developed through animal foot raceing? This is one of the biggest lies ever spread throughout the public. The polio vaccine had many problems and did nothing to stop the disease. It was released in the 50s, a time when polio was already declining because natural infectious micr oorganisms have a specific life cycle they grow and reach a peakat that point, they start to die off. What proves this is the event that in areas in the U.S. and in other countries where neither the vaccine nor any other medical help was given, polio died off at the same rate as the places without medical help. Here is my question to all those pro animal testers out there if animal testing is so safe, why is it that the FDA is forced to learn thousands of pharmaceutical drugs off the shelves after they have been proven safe after animal experimentation? In response, someone may say something such as this animal testing is better than nothing besides, they are just beings that do not think or reason. It is true that the main difference between gentlemans gentleman and other animals is our ability to think and reason. However, what about those who are mentally challenged? Surely, some animals are smarter than some humans are. Surely there are some humans who cannot think or reason yet, these people are treated in a special way.Animals are constantly being tortured while scientists and test conductors claim that the animals are not in pain and given painkillers. However, this is not true. Most tests do cause pain. If you think about it, how can tests trying to get wind if make-up irritates the eye, not be painful? In addition, these animals are not given anesthetics prior to tests nor any painkillers administered to ease the pain afterward in panic that these drugs may cause inaccurate results in tests.