Civilization Of Mesopotamia Civilization - 996 Words

Mesopotamia Civilization Mesopotamia is one of the oldest civilization in the history. Contrary to other unified civilization like Greece or Egypt, Mesopotamia civilization was a collection of different cultures and the scripts bore their bonds. This included their attitudes towards women as well as their gods. The laws, customs and the language of Akkad, for instance did not correspond to that of the Babylonians (Oppenheim, 2013). However, Pantheon of gods, rights of women and importance of literacy were shared in the entire region. depending on the periods and regions, the gods were given different names. Therefore, many empires and civilizations were as a result of Mesopotamia civilization. it is usually regarded as the cradle of†¦show more content†¦The Mesopotamians believed that the land possessed by demons and spirits and that they were co-workers with the gods. According to them, they believed that the beginning of the world was due to the victory of the gods over the forces of nature and t hat also the gods had won, this did not mean that the chaos could not come back again. The citizens of the land were expected to honor the elders and the gods in their day-to-day activities. Work was meant for both men and women of the land. Keeping of livestock and growing of crops were the main occupation in Mesopotamia. Women seemed to enjoy equal rights since they could own land, file for divorce, make contacts in trade and own their own businesses. It is to be noted that the healers and the brewers of wine and beer were initially women. The work that one did was considered as their contribution to the community and to the gods other than being considered as an occupation or a job. A temple was built at the centre of every city. Every community that the city presided over was required to worship the deity. The cities became the first in the world and were built of sub-dried bricks. There stones which could be quarried in the land but the decided to use bricks in their architectural works. There were also plenty of other natural resources such as timber. All their buildings including the pyramids and the temple complexes were built using the sun-dried bricks. Before the construction of anyShow MoreRelatedAncient Civilizations Of Mesopotamia And Mesopotamia1851 Words   |  8 Pages Sumerian (3500-2300BC)Babylonian (1792-1750 BC) both belong to civilizations of Mesopotamia, but they existed different period. The ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia are the source of the earliest surviving art; these civilizations were situated between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. Dating back to 3500 B.C.E., Mesopotamian art was intended to serve as a way to glorify powerful rulers and their connection to divinity. Art was made from natural resources such as stone, shells, alabasterRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Early Civilizations Of Mesopotamia1042 Words   |  5 Pagesshown in the early civilizations of Mesopotamia are still evident in today’s world because without these basic standards set by the people of Mesopotamia, civilization could never have grown or had a reference point for the basic building blocks of society. Mesopotamia was able to grow through the development of technology, trade, stable political and military systems, and a class system that co ntributed to society . Mesopotamia’s way of life influenced many other civilizations such as the ones inRead MoreThe Rise Of Civilizations On Egypt And Mesopotamia1530 Words   |  7 PagesThe rise of civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia occurred around the same time and the environment and natural forces affected the similarities and differences in social, political, and economic stability. There were many similarities and differences between both of these countries as well. In both cases, it was the river valley and geography that affected the agriculture, religious views, and government structures. The Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization developed in the Middle East and wereRead MoreMesopotamia And Its Impact On Ancient Civilization994 Words   |  4 PagesMesopotamia, or â€Å"land between the rivers† as the name translates to in Greek, is exactly as it states; in the region of southwestern Asia, the land itself is named for it s initial position between th e Tigris and Euphrates rivers. However, Mesopotamia can be defined as having a reach into what is now Syria, Turkey and most of Iraq (History of Mesopotamia, 2016). This ancient civilization houses one of the earliest cities throughout human history, appearing around 3500 BC, though human settlementRead MoreComparison of Mesopotamia and the Indus Civilization2695 Words   |  11 PagesMesopotamia and Harappan societies have long been compared throughout the history of archaeology. Mesopotamia, also known as, the land between the rivers, was named for the triangular area between the Tigris and the Euphrates river, (Nov. 7 lecture). In recent use, it covers a broader area referring to most of what is now Iraq. This adds ancient Assyria and Babylonia to the scope of Mesopotamia (Schultz and Lavenda 1995:310). Parts of Mesopotamia were not inhabited at all until approximately 8000Read MoreAncient Mesopotamia And Ancient Civilizations896 Words   |  4 Pagesancient civilizations, huma ns have held a belief in superior beings to which they called gods. The gods, in the eyes of many of the ancient people, were responsible for many things such as crop growth, storms, fertility, and even creation of life. The Mesopotamians, Egyptians, and the Hebrews all had gods that they interacted with. Understanding the likenesses and differences in how these people interacted with their gods might give us an insight to how similar or different the three civilizations wereRead MoreComparing The Nile, Mesopotamia, And Indus Civilizations1475 Words   |  6 PagesComparing the Nile, Mesopotamia, and Indus Civilizations The civilizations of the Nile River valley, the Mesopotamia valley, and Indus Valley marked human progress toward fixed settlements and the development of a rich culture. These civilizations shared many characteristics that contributed to their success. What made these civilizations unique were the contributions that each one gave to the world. They contributed their own ideas and accomplishments in the areas of religion, science, and mathematicsRead MoreMesopotamian Civilization : Mesopotamia The Land Of Rivers3727 Words   |  15 PagesPastimes Mesopotamia—the land of rivers. Encompassed by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the Ancient Mesopotamian civilization spanned thousands of years and has a deep and rich history. As a result, the culture is widely considered to be the cradle or birthplace of Western Society. Although most of the perception of their history is derived from famous texts and literary stories, there is also an equally important aspect of life in examining the everyday artifacts that civilization has left behindRead MoreEssay on Egypt, Mesopotamia and Ancient Greek Civilizations1810 Words   |  8 PagesMichael Jones 10/5/2012 Cabrera Egypt, Mesopotamia and Ancient Greek Civilizations The Ancient Egyptians, Mesopotamia, and Greeks were some of the oldest complex societies, although similar in many aspects. Mesopotamia is located in the Fertile Crescent, land in and between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers usually known as modern day Iraq and Eastern Syria.(24) In Egypt, the Nile River creates a fertile valley which is rich in nutrients and essential to their survival. The Nile flows fromRead MoreReasons Why Mesopotamia Should be Considered a Civilization Essay868 Words   |  4 Pages Mesopotamia- the land between the rivers- was a region of land in the Middle East between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that has been dubbed as the â€Å"cradle of civilization.† But why does Mesopotamia get the title of a civilization? From the invention of the wheel to the invention of writing, Mesopotamia is responsible for many firsts in human history. As people began to settle down permanently, due to a decrease in the need for farmers, people began to spec ialize in occupations. The more

America s Founding Ideas - September Term - 1378 Words

Joanne Geloso America’s Founding Ideas – January Term First Paper Assignment One of the reasons the American Revolution is considered the greatest experiment in liberty and democracy is due in part to the political and philosophical ideology produced as a result of the Enlightenment period. These ideas combined with the geographical location of the colonies, separating them from England by a vast ocean, were felt to have created the ideal opportunity for the colonies to declare their autonomy. While this in fact was true, I believe the road to independence was multi-faceted and along with the political thinking of the time period there were a series of events that led up to the drafting, and ultimately the signing, of the Declaration of Independence. The principles of liberty as well as property had long since been established when the monarchy began to recognize the Magna Carta from centuries prior. Through time, both tacit and explicit customs generated certain societal norms that established feelings such as â€Å"the rights of Englishmen† of which the American colonists felt was part of their heritage (McDonald). As the colonies were ruled by England they thought of themselves as Englishmen, and the concept of liberty in both America and England were similar by virtue of Common Law, recognized by the colonists. Although America was very similar to England, it began to really feel its independence through the unfolding of certain events over time. Prior to theShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln Views on Slavery1608 Words   |  7 PagesLincoln admitted in his speeches that he knew slavery was wrong, but the steps that had to be taken to deal with slavery were never concrete in his mind. Based on Lincoln’s upbringing, political support and knowledge of the nation, he had many different ideas on how to deal with the issue of slavery during his political career. 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Negligence for the Search for Coherence †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theNegligence for the Search for Coherence. Answer: Introduction: In the present case, the claimant will be Ruth, who wants to bring your claiming negligence against Keith. Therefore Keith will be the defendant in this case. Ruth was to bring action in negligence for claiming damages for injuries suffered by her as a result of the negligence of Keith when he had used a piece of leftover untreated chipboard instead of using hardwood for replacing the rotten timber trade on the back stairs of Ruth. In this case, Ruth will be required to establish in court that the actions of Keith fell below the standard of reasonable care that needs to be applied in this case. Therefore the relevant standard of proof will be to establish that Keith was negligent because any reasonable person would have used hardwood for this purpose. Analysis: The present case can be decided on the basis of the principles related with negligence. In this context, negligence can be described as the action of a person, where such person has a duty of care towards the other, and as a result of which, injury or loss has been caused to the other person. At the same time, the provisions of Civil Liability Act can be used for the purpose of designing the negligence of a person and the liability of such a person due to the negligent acts of the person. Therefore when a person sues the other person under negligence, that person was financial compensation for the damage suffered by it. In such a case, the person wants to be put in the same place, where it would have been if the other person would not have committed negligence. In order to decide if a person can be held liable for negligence, there are four questions that need to be satisfied. Therefore, it has to be seen if the defendant was having a duty of care towards the plaintiff; if this duty of care has been released by the defendant; if any injury or loss has been caused to the plaintiff as a result of such breach and if the injury was the direct result of such breach of duty of care. It needs to be noted that all the above-mentioned factors should be satisfied in order to hold the person liable under negligence. On the other hand, if even one of these factors is not satisfied, the plaintiff could not succeed and it cannot be established that the defendant was liable in negligence (Kujinga, 2009). In this context, the duty of care can be described as the legal obligation which requires the defendant to cause harm. The duty arises when it is reasonably foreseeable that harm will be caused to the other person if reasonable care is not exercised. At t he same time, the law requires that sufficient proximity should be present between the two parties for the purpose of the establishment of a duty of care (Deakin, Johnston and Markesinis, 2003). For example, such duty of care is present in case of a relationship between doctor and patient and the relationship that exists between drivers of motor vehicles and other persons present on the road. According to the civil liability, certain qualifications have been imposed on the duty of care. Like good Samaritans and donors of food. The law provides that the persons who are acting in case of an emergency and without any expectation of money or the persons who are providing food for charity are generally exempted from liability, provided they have not acted negligently (Tomasic, Bottomley and McQueen, 2002). When the breach of duty of care takes place: For the purpose of arriving at the conclusion that there has been a breach of duty of care by the defendant, first of all, the court will consider the standard of care that will be applicable. In this regard, for the purpose of deciding the relevant standard of care, it has to be seen what would be done by any reasonable person under in the circumstances were the same. Therefore, when it can be said that the actions of the defendant would not reasonable or, if the actions of the defendant fell below the standard that can be applied under the circumstances, it can be said that the duty of care has increased by such a defendant. In order to claim that there has been a breach of duty of care, it has to be established that the person was aware or should have been aware of the risk (Gardiner and McGlone, 1998). This requirement is also known as the reasonable foreseeability. Another requirement is that the reason should not be insignificant, an d any other reasonable person in the position of the defendant would have taken precautions against causing harm as a result of such risk. The requirement that the risk should not be insignificant is one of the amendments that have been introduced by the Civil Liability Act. As a result of these changes, the bar has been raised. That is required from any other reasonable person before they were required to act (McDonald, 2005). Consequently, while the harm suffered by the claimant should be reasonably foreseeable, it is also required that this should not be insignificant (Hepple, 1997). However in this case, these standards are not clear and therefore the decision has to be made by the court on case-by-case basis. Apart from it, the precautions that can be considered as reasonable by the court will also vary depending on the circumstances of the case. Therefore the consideration that any of the reasonable man would have made while determining if precautions need to be taken against a risk have been mentioned in the statute. The likely seriousness of the harm also needs to be considered as well as the burden involved in taking precautions for avoiding such risk and the potential benefit of activity due to which other persons were exposed to such risk. Reasonable foreseeability: While deciding if the person was aware of, or should have been aware of the risk, the court can apply the principles stated in Donahue v Stevenson (1932). In this case, the remains of a snail were found in a bottle of ginger beer. This case highlights the significance of the foreseeability of injury or loss that has been caused to the plaintiff as a result of the conduct of the defendant or the lack of action. It is required under the civil liability at that. The negligence should be a necessary condition of the harm. Similarly the harm suffered by the claimant should fall within the scope of the liability of the defendant. For this purpose, it is required that the connection should exist between the alleged negligence and the harm that has been suffered by the claimant. However, this is a question of fact. Therefore, a popular articulation of causation provides that "but for the actions of the defendant, the harm suffered by the plaintiff would not have taken place". This is also known as the 'but-for' test. But this test has been re-worded by the Civil Liability Act and it has been mentioned that the cause is a necessary element required for the harm to have taken place. The law asked the question in this regard, if the foreseeability was appropriate to extend the scope of liability of the person who has breached the duty to the harm suffered as a result of it. In this regard, the law takes into account the policy issues that may be present. Therefore it has to be considered if there is any reason to which the defendant should not be held liable. An example in this regard can be given of the case titled Commonwealth v Verwayen [1990] HCA 39, where it was held that the Commonwealth had breached its duty of care. When due to negligence, a ship sank. In this case, although the Commonwealth was held responsible for the accident, but the plaintiff brought action for lung and liver cancer, which was the result of having smoking and drinking by the plaintiff that started after he underwent the accident. Earlier the courts have discussed this issue in context of remoteness and proximity. The other relevant factor in this regard is that of 'an intervening cause'. Under the Civil Liability Act, this issue is considered in context of policy reasons. Hence it is seen if it would be inappropriate to consider one party liable for all the consequences of a particularly event when there are intervening factors present like the own choice of a person. In such a case it is also required that the risk should not be insignificant. In most of the cases, the breach of duty is self-evident. Another requirement has been introduced by the Civil Liability Act according to which the standard that is applicable while discovering a breach of duty is that there is should not be an insignificant risk. However, it is not clear how much a not insignificant risk goes beyond the requirement of reasonable foreseeability. And this question has to be decided on the basis of the facts of each case. Apologies: According to the law, an apology that has been made by a person regarding any matter that has been alleged to be caused by the person does not amount to express or implied admission of liability by such a person regarding that matter. Similarly, the apology is not relevant for the purpose of deciding the liability of the person regarding such a matter. Therefore, in any civil proceedings, the evidence of apology cannot be provided as the evidence of the liability of the person. In this regard, apology can be described as an expression of regret or sympathy or a general sense of benevolence related with any matter, whether or not there is an admission of fault in the apology. Another issue that is present in this case is related with contributory negligence. It can be said that the plaintiff had contributed a negligence when it is found that the injured person has also contributed to the injury or the loss suffered by it. Therefore, when the plaintiff failed to exercise reasonable care regarding their own safety, it can be said that the plaintiff has also contributed in negligence. In such a case, the amount of damages that may be claimed by the plaintiff will be refused in accordance with the extent to which the plaintiff is found to be contributed to the loss. Some of the examples of contributory negligence include a fall or a slip taking place due to the failure of the injured person in keeping a lookout regarding their own safety when it was reasonable for them to do so. Similarly, while involving in a high-risk activity, it can be said that the plaintiff had contributed in negligence. Conclusion: On the basis of the above-mentioned discussion and after going through the principles related with the law of negligence, it can be said that in the present case, Keith was liable in negligence for injuries suffered by Ruth. The reason is that in the present case, Ruth had advertised that he was a qualified carpenter, but in reality he did not have any trade qualifications. The result was that when Ruth asked Keith to replace a rotting timber tread on her stairs, instead of using hardwood, Keith used leftover undulating chipboard. The result was the after many nights of heavy rain, the replaced tread swelled and eventually it collapsed completely during the night. When Ruth was walking down the back stairs, early-morning, she failed to notice that the tread was missing. This was due to the reason that she was carrying many feeding dishes, and cleaning equipment there for her vision was obscured. As a result, she fell on the stairs. In this case, it is the negligence of Ke ith due to which Ruth had suffered these injuries. However, the apology made by Keith cannot be considered as an admission of his fault. Similarly, it can also result in this case that Ruth had also contributed in the injuries suffered by her. On these grounds, it can be concluded in the present case, the Ruth can claim compensation from Keith but the amount of compensation will be reduced, keeping in view, that she had also contributed in negligence. Moreover, Ruth can only be allowed to claim compensation for two months as this was the period that she took to recover. Therefore Ruth cannot claim compensation for 12 months for which she had decided to stay home and do unpaid charity work. References Bob Hepple, (1997) Negligence: The Search for Coherence 50 Current Legal Problems 69 David Gardiner and Frances McGlone, (1998) Outline of Torts (2nd ed,), Butterworths Deakin, S., Johnston A and Markesinis B (2003) Markesinis and Deakin's Tort Law, Oxford University Press Kujinga, Benjamin (2009). "Reasonable Care And Skill The Modern Scope Of The Auditor's Duty". GAA Accounting McDonald, Barbara (2005). "Legislative Intervention in the Law of Negligence: The Common Law, Statutory Interpretation and Tort Reform in Australia". Sydney Law Review. 27 (3) Tomasic, Roman; Bottomley, Stephen; McQueen, Rob (2002) Audits and Auditors, Corporations Law in Australia, Federation Press

Limit Television, Limit the Effects free essay sample

In order to doom a child, just involve the television. While television can be good in small, educational doses, the amount of time a child spends in front of the TV directly affects the performance in many important fields of a childs life. Academics, health, physical performance, character, and safety: they are all negatively affected by television. Through the learning process, children do what they see. Should they really be seeing what television offers? Americans have an obsession with television, and it has taken on a large role in the lives of children. Statistics show that 68% of 8 to 18 year olds have a TV, 54% have a DVD player, 37% have cable or satellite TV, and 20% have premium channels in their bedroom (Boyse). The question arises: is this healthy? How much time should children spend each day in front of the TV? The average American child watches 4 hours of television per day. Added up, thats 28 hours per week, 120 hours per month, and a whopping 1,460 hours per year. We will write a custom essay sample on Limit Television, Limit the Effects or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thats nearly 400 more hours than the average public school student spends in classes in one year (Facts). Studies have shown that this excessive intake of television is detrimental to childrens health, academics, and behavior (Boyse). These effects can continue on into adulthood and become lifelong problems. The amount of time spent watching TV needs to be cut down to no more than 1 hour per day so that these effects can be greatly minimized. Television affects children in two ways: through the content viewed on the screen and through the activity of watching the shows. What is seen on the screen can become a role model for children. In the process of learning, children copy what they see, and if they spend much of their time watching television, they may begin to emulate what is shown to them. This has been known to increase aggressive behaviors in children (Facts). Since children spend so much time in front of the screen, it replaces time spent with doing healthy, positive activit ies. Children who spend more time watching television are less likely to develop interest in hobbies such as music and art, and they spend less quality time with their families. These negative effects are things that nobody should allow to have influencing their childs life. Instead, parents should take action and limit the time their children spend in front of the television to 1 hour per day. Family life is affected by television. All the time spent in front of a screen is time not quality family time. In the past it had been much more common for families to spend their dinnertimes sitting around the table talking about what is going on in their lives. Studies now show that in 63% of American households, the TV is usually on during dinner (Boyse). Parents have to work to snatch a moment of time with their teen children, but now the together time during a meal is given over to a colorful moving screen. This shows the growing rift that children and their parents are developing becau se of the role of television in their lives. TV has begun to replace the irreplaceably important concept of family time. While the average child spends about 4 hours each day watching television, he or she only spends 38.5 minutes per week in quality conversation with his or her parents. This reflects the changing priorities in todays families. Relationships have been replaced with time spent alone watching television. When asked, 54% of 4 to 6 year-olds actually said that they would rather watch TV than spend time with their fathers. There is an obvious problem when children do not value their parents or want to be with them. The replacement of parent-child relationships with television changes a childs development. Kids copy what they see, so some emulate their parents. However, when children watch how people act on TV more than how their parents behave, they will begin to copy what they see. In some childrens lives, television has taken on a role as a model for behavior. The beh avior children observe on so many shows, even on channels such as the Disney Channel, shows children talking back and disobeying their parents, as well as children trying to get away with mischief behind their parents backs. The children viewing the programs then often copy these behaviors seen on TV. By cutting back the time children spend watching TV and increasing the time they spend with their family, parents could better influence the values, habits, and actions of their children. One major influence of television upon kids is in their diet. Of the 20,000 commercials that the average child views during a year, food products and fast-food restaurants are the number one advertisement (Herr). These advertisements encourage bad eating habits, which can lead to obesity, a growing American epidemic. The number of cases of obesity among children 6 to 10 years old has more than doubled in the past 20 years. In 1980, only 6.5% of the children were severely overweight, compared to the 17 % seen in 2006 (Herr). Food advertisements often portray their food as healthy, and they sometimes give information regarding healthy eating. However, ads can be deceiving and dont always give completely true or balanced information about food choices. Children, though, tend to believe what they are told, even by advertisers, leading to an unrealistic view on a healthy diet (Boyse). Along with food advertisements, the activity of watching television raises the chance of children becoming overweight. Studies show that ones metabolism slows down even more when watching TV than when sitting still, doing nothing. The more television children watch, the fewer calories their bodies will burn. Even while reading a book or talking on the phone, a child will burn more calories (Boyse). Also, watching television ensures that a child is not exercising. With less time being spent outdoors running around and playing sports, children will be less physically fit and more likely to develop weight p roblems that can carry on into their adulthood (Boyse). Even though a child may watch a few hours of something educational like the Discovery or History channel, it is still television, meaning the time is spent inactively. The easiest way to reduce this inactivity, says Tufts University School of Medicines pediatrician and obesity expert William H. Deitz, [I]s to turn off the TV set. Almost anything else uses more energy than watching TV.'(Herr) Television can also take a large toll on childrens academics. Most children view around 20 hours of TV per week, and studies have shown that anything over 10 hours can negatively affect achievements in school (Facts). Though children may watch educational television programs, the fact remains that those programs are still TV, which can be detrimental to academics. As the presence of television has grown in childrens lives, the knowledge it provides has also made its presence known. While 75% of teens ages 13-17 know that the zip code 90210 can be found in Beverly Hills, only 25% can tell you that the US Constitution was written in Philadelphia (Facts). This shows the status television has taken on in teens lives in comparison to that of academic knowledge. Since so much time is spent in front of the television, other activities are put on the backburner. Less time is put aside for activities that are known to boost academics, such as reading, doing homework, working on hobbies, and sleeping (Boyse). Therefore, with less time spent in books, a toll is taken on reading comprehension, a skill that is crucial all throughout life. Several studies have even proven that by watching more television, a childs chances of dropping out of school are increased and chances of getting a college degree are decreased (Boyse). Television is filled with violence not only in adult shows, but also in cartoons, comedies, movies, and the news. It is estimated that by the time an average child finishes elementary school he or she will have seen 8,000 murders on TV, and by the time they reach the age of 18, they will have witnessed 200,000 acts of violence, 16,000 of which are murders (Facts). The bad guys arent the only ones solving problems with violence these days. The end justifies the means seems to be a rather popular slogan for superhero movies. Not too many people die and not too much blood is shed, but BAM! POW! fists sure do seem to solve a lot. When children see their favorite heroes saving the world through violence, these actins seem right, and violence stops being bad. (Scheibe) It is viewed as an acceptable way to solve problems and handle tough situations. Studies show that children who watch more TV are more likely to exhibit signs of aggression (Boyse). 73% of Americans even contend that television is responsible for juvenile crime (Facts). Acts of violence on TV have the greatest effect on children ages 8 and younger, because they have not yet developed a complete sense of what is fake versus what is reality (Boyse). To them, the monster from a movie might really be hiding under their bed. Scary scenes from movies are viewed as something that could easily happen to the child in real life. This can lead young children to believe that the world is a very cruel and scary place, causing sleep problems and a fear of leaving the house (Boyse). Even by watching the news, kids can be frightened that they could become a victim of violence or a natural disaster. In some cases, this has been known to lead to trauma or paranoia (Boyse). With television having so many harmful effects on childrens lives, parents need to take action. This everyday activity that Americans spend so much time doing hinders childrens learning and growing experiences. Shouldnt children get the full experience of the best years of their life instead of staying inside glued to a screen? Instead of allowing your children to spend 4 hours in front of the television, limit their viewing time to 1 hour per day and encou rage them to take up other hobbies such as sports, music, and reading. As the people with your childrens best interests in mind, you have the responsibility to raise them healthily, removing harmful activities, such as watching excessive television, from their way. Bibliography Boyse, Kyla. Television. University of Michigan Health System. May 2008. Association of Academic Health Centers. 8 Nov. 2008. . Facts and Figures about our TV Habit. Elgin College. 2000. 8 Nov. 2008. . Fox, Lauren. Carrigan, Laura. Poirier, Bernadette. Lynch, Danielle. Rowe, Jan. Vogrle, Laura. Effects of Television Viewing on Childrens Daily Activities. The Department of Occupational Therapy. 2004. The University of Alabama at Birmingham. 8 Nov. 2008. . Herr, Norman. Television Health. Internet Resources to Accompany The Resourcebook for Teaching Science. 2007. 8 Nov. 2008. . Scheibe, Cyndy. Television in the Lives of Children. CRETv. 8 Nov. 2008. .

Equality Between the Two Sexes Essay Example

Equality Between the Two Sexes Essay Example Equality Between the Two Sexes Essay Equality Between the Two Sexes Essay This paper is collection of research conclusions and observations which I have witnessed over the past 5 year that I have attempted to put into a written form that might be helpful, but more importantly stimulate discussions. The real purposes are to increase the awareness between men and women, and to help them set aside issues that are not personal but are merely manifestations of nature. To my way of thinking, it is important to honor and rejoice in both our nature and our individuality. For centuries, the differences between men and women were socially defined and distorted through a lens of sexism in which men assumed superiority over women and maintained it through domination. As the goal of equality between men and women now grows closer we are also losing our awareness of important differences. In some circles of society, politically correct thinking is obliterating important discussion as well as our awareness of the similarities and differences between men and women. The vi sion of equality between the sexes has narrowed the possibilities for discovery of what truly exists within a man and within a woman. The world is less interesting when everything is same. It is my position that men and women are equal but different. When I say equal, I mean that men and women have a right to equal opportunity and protection under the law. The fact that people in this country are assured these rights does not negate my observation that men and women are at least as different psychologically as they are physically. None of us would argue the fact that men and women are physically different. The physical differences are rather obvious and most of these can be seen and easily measured. Weight, shape, size and anatomy are not political opinions but rather tangible and easily measured. The physical differences between men and women provide functional advantages and have survival value. Men usually have greater upper body strength, build muscle easily, have thicker skin, bruise less easily and have a lower threshold of awareness of injuries to their extremities. Men are essentially built for physical confrontation and the use of force. Their joints are well suited for throwing objects. A man’s skull is almost always thicker and stronger than a women’s. The stereotype that men are more thick-headed than women is not far fetched. A man’s thick headedness† and other anatomical differences have been associated with a uniquely male attraction to high speed activities and reckless behavior that usually involve collisions with other males or automobiles. Men invented the game chicken, not women. Men, and a number of other male species of animal seem to charge and crash into each other a great deal in their spare time. Women on the other hand have four times as many brain cells (neurons) connecting the right and left side of their brain. This latter finding provides physical evidence that supports the observation that men rely easily and more heavily on their left brain to solve one problem one step at a time. Women have more efficient access to both sides of their brain and therefore greater use of their right brain. Women can focus on more than one problem at one time and frequently prefer to solve problems through multiple activities at a time. Nearly every parent has observed how young girls find the conversations of young boys boring. Young boys express confusion and would rather play sports than participate actively in a conversation between 5 girls who are discussing as many as three subjects at once! The psychological differences between man and women are less obvious. They can be difficult to describe. Yet these differences can profoundly influence how we form and maintain relationships that can range from work and friendships to marriage and parenting. Recognizing, understanding, discussing as well as acting skillfully in light of the differences between men and women can be difficult. Our failure to recognize and appreciate these differences can become a life long source of disappointment, frustration, tension and eventually our downfall in a relationship. Not only can these differences destroy a promising relationship, but most people will grudgingly accept or learn to live with the consequences. Eventually they find some compromise or way to cope. Few people ever work past these difficulties. People tend to accept what they don’t understand when they feel powerless to change it. Relationships between men and women are not impossible or necessarily difficult. Problems simply arise when we expect or assume the opposite sex should think, feel or act the way we do. It’s not that men and women live in completely different realities. Rather, our lack of knowledge and mutual experience gives rise to our difficulties. Despite great strides in this country toward equality, modern society hasn’t made relationships between men and women any easier. Today’s society has taught us and has imposed on us the expectation that men and women should live together continuously, in communion, and in harmony. These expectations are not only unrealistic but ultimately they leave people feeling unloved, inadequate, cynical, apathetic or ashamed. The challenge facing men and women is to become aware of their identities, to accept their differences, and to live their lives fully and as skillfully as possible. To do this we must first understand in what ways we are different. We must avoid trying to change others to suit our needs. The following illustrates some important differences between men and women. These differences are not absolute. They describe how men and women are in most situations most of the time. Problems Men and women approach problems with similar goals but with different considerations. While men and women can solve problems equally well, their approach and their process are often quit different. For most women, sharing and discussing a problem presents an opportunity to explore, deepen or strengthen the relationship with the person they are talking with. Woman are usually more concerned about how problems are solved than merely solving the problem itself. For women, solving a problem can profoundly impact whether they feel closer and less alone or whether they feel distant and less connected. The process of solving a problem can strengthen or weaken a relationship. Most men are less concerned and do not feel the same as women when solving a problem. Men approach problems in a very different manner than women. For most men, solving a problem presents an opportunity to demonstrate their competence, their strength of resolve, and their commitment to a relationship. How the problem is solved is not nearly as important as solving it effectively and in the best possible manner. Men have a tendency to dominate and to assume authority in a problem solving process. They set aside their feelings provided the dominance hierarchy was agreed upon in advance and respected. They are often distracted and do not attend well to the quality of the relationship while solving problems. Some of the more important differences can be illustrated by observing groups of young teenage boys and groups of young teenage girls when they attempt to find their way out of a maze. A group of boys generally establish a hierarchy or chain of command with a leader who emerges on his own or through demonstrations of ability and power. Boys explore the maze using scouts while remaining in distant proximity to each other. Groups of girls tend to explore the maze together as a group without establishing a clear or dominant leader. Relationships tends to be co-equal. Girls tend to elicit discussion and employ collective intelligence to the task of discovering a way out. Girls tend to work their way through the maze as a group. Boys tend to search and explore using structured links and a chain of command. Thinking While men and women can reach similar conclusions and make similar decisions, the process they use can be quit different and in some cases can lead to entirely different outcomes. In general, men and women consider and process information differently. Women tend to be intuitive global thinkers. They consider multiple sources of information within a process that can be described as simultaneous, global in perspective and will view elements in the task in terms of their interconnectedness. Women come to understand and consider problems all at once. They take a broad or collective perspective, and they view elements in a task as interconnected and interdependent. Women are prone to become overwhelmed with complexities that exist, or may exist, and may have difficulty separating their personal experience from problems. Men tend to focus on one problem at a time or a limited number of problems at a time. They have an enhanced ability to separate themselves from problems and minimize the complexity that may exist. Men come to understand and consider problems one piece at a time. They take a linear or sequential perspective, and view elements in a task as less interconnected and more independent. Men are prone to minimize and fail to appreciate subtleties that can be crucial to successful solutions. A male may work through a problem repeatedly, talking about the same thing over and over, rather than trying to address the the problem all at once. While there are differences in the ways that men and women think, it must be emphasized that they can and do solve problems in a similar manner. There are no absolutes, only tendencies. Memory Women have an enhanced ability to recall memories that have strong emotional components. They can also recall events or experiences that have similar emotions in common. Women are very adept at recalling information, events or experiences in which there is a common emotional theme. Men tend to recall events using strategies that rely on reconstructing the experience in terms of elements, tasks or activities that took place. Profound experiences that are associated with competition or physical activities are more easily recalled. There appears to be a structural and chemical basis for observed memory differences. For instance, the hippocampus, the area in the brain primarily responsible for memory, reacts differently to testosterone in men and it reacts differently to changing levels of estrogen and progesterone in women. Women tend to remember or be reminded of different emotional memories and content to some extent as part of their menstrual cycle. Sensitivity There is evidence to suggest that a great deal of the sensitivity that exists within men and women has a physiological basis. It has been observed that is many cases, women have an enhanced physical alarm response to danger or threat. Their autonomic and sympathetic systems have a lower threshold of arousal and greater reactivity than men. In both men and women, higher levels of testosterone directly affect the aggressive response and behavior centers of the brain. Increasing estrogen and progesterone in men has a feminizing effect. Sexually aggressive males become less focused on sexual aggressive behavior and content when they are given female hormones. On the other hand, changing estrogen and progesterone levels in women during menstrual cycles can produce a flood of memories as well as strong emotions. Increasing or high levels of testosterone can produce an emotional insensitivity, empathic block and increased indifference to the distress others. At the heart of sensitivity is our capacity to form, appreciate and maintain relationships that are rewarding. Even here there are important differences. For men, what demonstrates a solid relationship is quite different from that of most women. Men feel closer and validated through shared activities. Such activities include sports, competition, outdoor activities or sexual activities that are decidedly active and physical. While both men and women can appreciate and engage in these activities they often have preferential differences. Women, on the other hand, feel closer and validated through communication, dialogue and intimate sharing of experience, emotional content and personal perspectives. Many men tend to find such sharing and involvement uncomfortable, if not, overwhelming. The Task of Relationship Facing Men and Women The task that faces men and women is to learn to accept their differences, avoid taking their differences as personal attempts to frustrate each other, and to compromise whenever possible. The idea that one gender can think and feel like the other if they truly loved each is rather absurd. Sure, a man or women could act in consideration of the other’s needs, but this would not necessarily be rewarding and honest. Holding the benefit of another above our own is rewarding. But from time to time, and more often for most of us, it is important to be our self and to be accepted, and not to be the source of distress and disappointment in the lives of people we love. The Role of Counseling and Therapy Counseling and therapy can help a couple understand and appreciate each other, and even benefit from their differences. Understanding these differences intellectually is not enough. A counselor or therapist can help point out these differences, as they surface, and guide a couple to a greater level of relationship. Understanding that differences are not intentional and that misunderstandings are merely the result of expectations that are not realistic can make a huge difference in a relationship. The differences that can be sensed between a man and women can deepen their relationship. More importantly, when men seek to understand and appreciate that which is feminine, they come to a deeper understanding of their self. And when a woman seeks to understand that which is masculine in men, they come to appreciate and understand more about their own masculinity.

10 of The Best College Party Themes You Simply Have to Try

10 of The Best College Party Themes You Simply Have to Try Of course, college is a time for working hard and pushing yourself to grab that final mark which will catapult you into your chosen career, but it’s also a time for having fun and making memories which will last a lifetime. As clichà © as that may sound, it’s the basic truth of the matter. All work and no play makes life rather dull indeed! If you’re wanting to throw a party which will be remembered for year to come, for the right reasons of course, and you’re looking for a little inspiration for your party themes, how about one of these for size? Rock the White Isle – an Ibiza-Inspired Party It doesn’t have to be summer to remember party central on the clubbing island we all know and love. Turn up the heating if you need to, but clubbing gear is the dress code, glow sticks are as standard, and clubbing tunes are blaring from the speakers. Hawaii Surfer Chic Laid-back surfer dudes and chicks ready to catch a wave? This is the iconic summer theme to enjoy, with hula dancing, bikinis, grass skirts, surfer shorts, and a totally laid-back vibe. Great for memories of summer, whether you went to Hawaii or not! Snow Bunny Fun When the weather outside is a little more on the Baltic side than sunny, why not take advantage of it and turn your party into a snow bunny theme? Think ski outfits, think wrapping up warm, and you know what? Turn the heating off to save money and add to the ambience! Delegate your write my essay task to professional writers while you have fun! Neon Colours This one is easy and cheap for everyone attending – basically, anything you wear has to be neon coloured and you can turn that around to the drinks too, with neon coloured beverages, and perhaps even a cake with more than a sprinkling of food colouring to fit in with the theme! Come Dine With Me You can look at this one in two ways – a) everyone brings some food so you don’t have to pay for the food, and b) if you say everyone has to cook something, you’re developing their cooking skills, so it’s win-win! Take inspiration from the TV show, but turn it into a party rather than a dining experience; think dips and nachos, pizzas, nibble foods, that kind of thing. The most imaginative snack wins a prize. Masquerade â€Å"Ball† You don’t need to kit everyone out in a ball gown and suit for this, but guests simply need to wear a mask, which can easily be bought online! The rest can be normal clothes, but the fun is in guessing who is who! A Spooky Halloween Party This is easy, because around the big day you can easily pick up enough cheap items to dress up a house or dorm room and buying a mask is an easy task too, so no need to break the bank. Make a bowl of punch, some scary snacks, and you’re away. Stupid Jumper Night Think Christmas and the new craze of wearing the most ridiculous knitted jumper you can find. Now, turn that on its head and make a party out of who can wear the most stupid jumper regardless of the time of year. Again, turn it into a competition, because the person with the most ridiculous outfit wins a prize. ABC Party This is one that is iconic in the college party world and ABC basically stands for Anything But Clothes. Now, don’t panic! We’re not suggesting your guests rock up naked, but what they do wear has to be made from something else, for example, a bin liner fashioned into a dress, or a bed sheet turned into a skirt. You get the idea. Toga Party No college experience is complete without a toga party. Now, this has many advantages, and the main one is that it’s cheap because you can make a toga out of anything, even a bed sheet! Simply wrap some rope around it and you ta-da! You have a toga the Ancient Greeks would have been proud of! These are just a few ideas you can incorporate into your college party themes; all of them will certainly be nights to remember! This article was made by writing service.

If stem cell research must rely only on derivation of tissue from a Term Paper - 1

If stem cell research must rely only on derivation of tissue from a vibrant fetus, is harvesting those cells in any way immoral, illegal or unethical - Term Paper Example It is impossible to reconcile these positions due to distinctly opposing views inherent in medical science versus varying views and interpretations of ethics and morality. A typical day-5 human embryo consists of 200-250 cells, most of which comprise the trophoblast, which is the outermost layer of the blastocyst. HESCs are harvested from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, which consists of 30-34 cells. The derivation of HESC cultures requires the removal of the trophoblast. This process of disaggregating the blastocysts cells eliminates its potential for further development. Opponents of HESC research argue that the research is morally impermissible because it involves the unjust killing of innocent human beings. (Siegel par. 2). Moral and ethical debates have raged since the idea of stem cell research first crossed scientists’ minds. One simplistic argument against opposition to the research centers upon abortion fetuses from which many of the cells are gathered. The moral rational is that in the event of an abortion at least some good for the whole of humanity can come of it. Reading into this position, one can make a case that the apologist him or herself is admitting abortion is unethical, highlighting the complexity of the argument. Besides, they might say, research cannot be done on adult stem cells because they don’t share the same aspects as those from an embryo. The good of the research outweighs the bad of the methods. The end justifies the means, since embryonic stem cell research can help find cures for, or prevent diseases including Cancer and Parkinson’s but also Alzheimer’s, Heart disease, Stroke, Diabetes, birth defects, spinal cord injuries, organ damage and trans plant rejection. Medical researchers insist embryonic stem cells are needed because they alone are able to reproduce any other

The Analysis of The short Story Mayfly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Analysis of The short Story Mayfly - Essay Example Life is as temporary as a mayfly’s life, but happiness is shorter when people lack the freedom and autonomy to express their real identity to themselves and their loved ones. The point of view of the story comes from James and it helps to shape the story’s focus because it shows his struggles in finding his identity and happiness. A third-person point of view that emphasizes one person’s perspective takes readers deep into his subconscious, where his conflicts arise and become unresolved. It shows that James cannot control his life because he cannot make autonomous choices, such as when he thinks that he does not have to explain to Molly why they should drive through the wave of monarchs: â€Å"Let Molly figure it out for herself† (Canty 65). The significance of this thought is that he wants Molly to understand on her own that their relationship is not helping them grow as individuals, but the verbal and dramatic irony is that he also cannot figure out wha t to do with his life. Furthermore, James’ perspective reveals his most intimate thoughts and opinions in life, which he does not always openly express to people who need to hear them the most. James finds Molly’s environmentalism annoying because of her impractical oversentimentality. She cries over dead butterflies, but she cannot stop smoking and find a stable job: â€Å"But James didn’t see how someone would hire her, with her smudgy eyes, her so-so-record† (Canty 65). She is a paradox, an environmentalist who cannot protect her own health and promote her own welfare. Another example is how James feels about Sam and Molly. For him, they are the same: â€Å"The two of them had the same knack for finding a sore spot and then poking it† (Canty 66), but he does not say anything and sips his beer instead. The people who need to hear his opinions do not hear them, so that they can change, hopefully, in the process of honest communication. Jamesâ€⠄¢ viewpoint, especially the absence of his voice, indicates his lack of self in the midst of people who impose themselves on his life. Aside from the viewpoint, the setting of the story enhances it by affirming its themes because it is something temporary, but is about long-term human relations and its role in their happiness. The setting of a married home suggests James’ apprehension of and hopes for marriage. James wants to have Sam and Jenny to have a happy marriage because it is the next stage of his life and relationship with Molly, but he has seen from Jenny’s infidelity that marriage is not all butterflies, but is one large mayfly with constant dissatisfaction: â€Å"It doesn’t sound like bliss† (Canty 68). Mayflies die fast, and so does happiness from marriage. Fishing is another setting that is temporary. For James and his father, fishing is their ultimate distraction from life’s miseries: â€Å"This was when his father would break out a Roll-A-Table and the cooler and set them up with sandwiches and beer...† (Canty 66). They had fun, but it became shorter and shorter after James’ mother died. Her death ended his father’s life to: â€Å"His father had seemed to lose his appetite for everything...All but the drinking† (Canty 66). His father turned into a hollow shell and lost his will to be happy. The setting underscores life’s irony that sometimes, long-term human relations cause despair, not happiness. Plot is another element

Crevecoeur in America Essay Example for Free

Crevecoeur in America Essay Hector St. John Crà ¨vecoeur is certainly not one of the greatest figures of American history, but he can at the very least be credited with having been witness to a great deal of some of the key events that lead to the inception of the United States of America in the 18th century.1 Crà ¨vecoeur saw the burgeoning nation under many different angles during different periods of American history2. This coupled with the fact that as a foreigner who lived in the colonies he was able to step back and appraise American life and culture and be also able to see it from the inside. This essay will focus on the American life of Hector St. John de Crà ¨vecoeur and attempt a sketch of how his life took place and how the colonies and the new American nation affected him. Firstly we will examine Crà ¨vecoeur’s life in the colonies, including his living conditions, regions he inhabited and his overall situation during his time there. Secondly, we will review his experiences in the colonies and North America. Thirdly we will attempt to see how, when and by whom was Crà ¨vecoeur influenced during his time in America and what effects this had on both the United States of American and Crà ¨vecoeur himself. Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crà ¨vecoeur – or St. John de Crà ¨vecoeur as we would later know him – would first set foot in North America in Canada in 1754. Fighting under the Montcalm during the French-Indian War, Crà ¨vecoeur left Canada for the English colonies where he worked as an itinerant merchant allowed him to envision many aspects and parts of North America. In 1759 he eventually settled down in Orange County in New York and became a citizen of the colony, changing his name to John Hector St. John.. Crà ¨vecoeur took up a life of farming and raised a family, while still keeping in touch with the outside world albeit staying out of its affairs almost entirely. After the upheaval of the Revolutionary War and a five-year long return to France, Crà ¨vecoeur eventually returned to New York in 1783 in the capacity of First Consul of his Christian Majesty to the State of New York. In this lofty position Crà ¨vecoeur toiled to establish trading between the American  colonies and the French crown. In addition he also informed France and through France, Europe of what the lives, people and the continent of North America was truly like. Although Crà ¨vecoeur’s sojourns in the colonies were no doubt a source of great pride and accomplishment, they were also a time of hardship, suspicion and uncertainty. St. John de Crà ¨vecoeur’s experiences in North America and the colonies within were varied. In turn his life there was filled with successes. After being a competent soldier for France he became a farmer and raised a family that he loved and was proud of. He eventually reached a position of at least symbolic power where he found himself in a position to both help his motherland as well as foster greater understanding, appreciation and maybe even prosperity for a land and a nation that had been his home for most of his life. However, if one were to equate Crà ¨vecoeur’s experiences on the continent to be purely idyllic one would be sorely mistaken. In addition to the hardships of rural life he also had to experience suspicion and imprisonment during his time there. Crà ¨vecoeur, although naturalized as an American, was still very much a Frenchman. Although very much liberal for his times Crà ¨vecoeur still retained a healthy respect for religion and monarchy, twin pillars of the French elite. He was also enamored with English society and government, considered far more liberal and egalitarian by the French philosophers still under the reign of an absolute monarchy. His first book was in fact dedicated to Abbot Raynal whose work â€Å"Histoire philosophique et politique des à ©tablissements des Europà ©ens dans les deux Indes† (1770) inspired him to think about America and his situation. Furthermore, Crà ¨vecoeur’s own experiences and his reading of instilled him with the idea that the American colonies, with their religious tolerance. Although ultimately addressed to the higher strata of society, designed as a sort of quaint picture of pastoral utopia, his works are ultimately a celebration and an accolade to the workingman a nd the lower classes of the time. Crà ¨vecoeur is even sometimes credited with being the inventor of what would become the American Dream. Colonial American shaped Crà ¨vecoeur. The hardships of the rural life began to change his view of the rural idyll that we first see in his writings. The dangers of that life and the unrelenting and often unjust vagaries of the elements, neighbors and country life bore down on him. Although still somewhat in awe of some of the leaders that permitted the Revolution some of his writings tell a tale of disillusion with great leaders and the hero worship that resulted with some of the heroes of the American Revolution, namely Washington. The Revolution further marred Crà ¨vecoeur’s utopian take on the colonies and also the English themselves. To say that Crà ¨vecoeur is an interesting character of American history is an understatement. Having been witness to three distinct phases of colonial America. These are the pre-revolutionary period, the actual American Revolution itself and its aftermath. These various periods and stages in his life affect him deeply and modified his writings and his views. In conclusion, Hector St. John de Crà ¨vecoeur embodies many things that characterized colonial America as both a land brimming with opportunity and a place and time steeped in brutality and harshness. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Patchell, Thomas â€Å"J. Hector St. John de Crà ¨vecoeur† in Early American Nature Writers ed. by Daniel Patterson (London: Greenwood Press 2008), 103 Plotkin, A. Saint-John de Crevecoeur Rediscovered: Critic or Paneygyrist? French Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Spring, 1964) 403-404 Plumstead, A. W. â€Å"Crevecoeur: A â€Å"Man of Sorrows† and the American Revolution† The Massachusetts Review, Vol. 17, No. 2 (Summer, 1976) 287-288 St. John de Crevecoeur, John Letters from an American Farmer, 1783, ed. Albert Stone (New York, NY: Penguin American Library, 1981), 226-227 St. John de Crevecoeur, John Qu’est-ce qu’un Amà ©ricain? (ed. Howard Rice) (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943

Vampires :: essays research papers

Vampires Vampires have been seen and documented throughout history. The history of vampires goes further back in time than most people realize. The chaldeans, who lived near the Euphrates river in the southwestern part of Asia more than five hundred years before the time of Christ , feared vampire or creatures similar to vampires enough so that they created charms to protect themselves from being attacked by such creatures. The Assyrians and the Babylonians feared a creature similar to a vampire known as an Ekimmu. These creatures known as Ekimmus were believed by the Assyrians to roam the planet searching for food although it was not always a persons blood but rather a persons' vitality or that persons' energy force. It was believed that if such a creature would enter someone's house that person along with his or her family would slowly weaken, get sick and probably die. In the countries of Syria and Palestine references were made to such blood sucking monsters on ancient carved tablets. In Ireland the people believed in these creatures, which they affectionately came to call "red blood suckers" . Due to their belief in these mythical creatures they began the practice of placing stones on these vampires graves to kep them from escaping.This then became standard practice and is still used to this day in the form of a tombstone. Tombstones were used to control ghosts and other spirits instead of their original use in controlling vampires. Due to the fact that vampires seemed to be so commonplace around the globe, there was a large variety of vampires that differed in shape, behavior and method of becoming a vampire. All of these factors varied from region to region. In the country of Bulgaria a vampire had only one nostril. This Bulgarian vampire would rise out of it's grave nine days after death in the form of a shower of sparks and remained in this shape for a period of forty days. After the completion of these forty days the shower of sparks would regain it's human form. Once human-like the vampire goes from playing childish tricks, which it did in it's "spark" form , to more serious matters , such as the attacking of humans and drinking of their blood. Vampires are well known for their craving for blood but in many countries vampires were not limited to just that substance as part of their diet, but would also consume foods that humans ate such as eggs and rice. That, however, does not mean that their yearn for blood was any weaker than before. Most vampires would attack their victims and suck

Conducting a Strategic Management Project Essay

Introduction Shell is one of the world’s leading energy group and petrochemicals companies. It has around102000 employees in more than 100 countries. The objectives of the Shell Group are to engage efficiently, responsibly and profitably in oil, oil products, gas, chemicals and other selected businesses and to participate in the search for and development of other sources of energy to meet evolving customer needs and the world’s growing demand for energy. Mission Statement Shell’s innovative approach ensures that they are ready to tackle the challenges of new energy futures. 1.1 Topic of investigation having a strategic implication. This report explains the team buildings and teams work in Shell and development of its research work progress within the organization. It also presents suitable analysis of the project management and planning, advisory and project implementation of work. In this report, positive results of theories and its test showed that effective teamwork can lead to a success and achieving critical goals of Shell. It may also be able to gain the sustainability of competitiveness. Moreover, study explains that how team performance can be improved through leadership with project planning to face the upcoming challenges in modern era of business environment Shell operates in. 1.2 The aim, scope and objectives of the project. †¢ How can we improve Shell’s research study about lubes oil? †¢ What strategy we should adapt for improving Shell’s research? †¢ How and effective team force can be made for this purpose? The aim of the project is to achieve such team management, technology and resources that meet the new emerging energy challenges. Shell need to adapt such management strategies which will make a strong workforce with experienced and skilful team members. Shell wants to be recognised as a great company-competitive successfully and a force for progress. Shell has a fundamental belief that they can make a difference in the world because of it’s worth in the global market. A strong consumer proposition has been developed for the brand and embodied in the line â€Å"World Quality† which communicates Shell value-based offering in a precise manner, to its core target audience. The purpose of the advertising in the first instance is to support this strong value pr oposition and secondly to tailor the media solution to the store. 1.3 Justifying the scope, aim and objective. In meeting the energy challenges, the world faces three hard truths. The first is that there has been a step-change in global energy demand, with rapidly developing countries like China and India entering the energy-intensive phase of growth. Even with huge improvements in energy efficiency and substantial growth in renewables, fossil fuels will still be the main element of the energy mix by mid-century. The second hard truth is that easy-to-access oil and gas is in decline. As a result, energy will come increasingly from unconventional sources, such as oil sands. The third hard truth is that the increased burning of fossil fuels especially coal for power generation could mean unacceptably high emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming and climate change. Meeting the energy challenge Shell is helping to meet the energy challenge with a broad range of approaches. It uses advanced technologies that can unlock oil and gas in more remote or hostile environments, and new techniques to extend the lives of existing fields. We are increasing production from unconventional sources, including oil sands. Shell helps make the most of cleaner-burning natural gas through our output of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and gas to liquids (GTL) products. We are helping to develop second-generation bio fuels that do not compete with food crops; and we are developers of wind and solar power. 1.4 Evaluation of project research methodology. Methodolgy Research Study should be verified by seniors because all research is based on practical data and that data may vary by location of the research and by person. Need to Understand the Hypothesis before research and development. Which department are more feasible and which person is more interested and suitable for that research. Research should be complete on time. Research conduct at same time on different locations 2.1 Identify sources of data and information that will support the aim of the project. For a company like Shell having the right information about the environment, customs, laws and customer needs is of key importance. To gather this information the company will firstly see the law of the country in which it is going to start business, as we are talking about their business in UK the law allows this business. Here in UK there is a high demand it is a rich environment for the company to run their business. Data about this can be obtained by doing surveys and examining the current market i.e. by observing the similar businesses running in the country. Scanning the Environment In this research study, an appropriate approach of environmental scanning is considered in the industrial organisations that are operating in the chemical industry. Different types of information were used in this study. It included general information about the industry and specific about the participating companies. The type of data that was included was; †¢ Formal data that concerns the company’s character. †¢ Data that is publicly available, like in annual reports. †¢ Interviews of managers that provided the history and culture of the companies. This information was very important to analyse and research the topic and to see how other companies are operating in the industry. Strauss (1987) emphasizes the usefulness of the case study approach when used with grounded theory. Grounded theory seeks to generate theoretical statements and, ultimately, complex theories based on empirical evidence, although it can be used in different ways and reach various degrees of complexity. The research design framework adopted in this study can be described as a multiple case study, composed according to the theory building structure, as described by Yin (1989), i.e., where the sequence of chapters follow a theory-building logic, and using the grounded theory method of qualitative data analysis. 2.2 Synthesise the data and information for options or alternatives that support the project aims. An effective information infrastructure was implemented to assess the information required in this research, which included technological information, processes and information acquired by people. A rich collection of scientific and technical information was gathered, which was managed by professionals having different backgrounds. However, some companies just provided a consistent picture which was a small collection made up of journals, literature and reports mainly. The information being pervasive is one of the main reasons in having difficulty in accounting for the costs involved in the research as it depends on specific roles and their performance. The data that was collected showed that in medium or large chemical companies data and information was being handled by 50% staff while in smaller companies about 9% staff was involved. The scope of the companies was assessed by their li nks with Research and Development organisations and hoe they collaborate with the regulatory agencies. Strategic change Larger companies like Shell influence the planning adoption but some other factors also interfere with the tendency, for example in what form the organisation is and what is the management style of the organisation. No evidence was found that suggests that the subsector companies should adopt the planning technique as a planning tool. While, the planning offices are also rare and their main duty is to collect the difficult data which is needed by the top management for decision making. The strategic change analysed mainly talked about increasing the quality of the product, which includes mainly improving the conditions of production. Environmental protection was also an issue in some cases there were highly pollutant industries. Globalisation and diversification were also some important strategic changes. Companies that targeted globalization pursued growth in the industry but some companies just secured their positions in the internal market due to the threat of major competitors operating in the main market. Companies which had a little scope of growth adopted specialization. The main target was to improve the product quality. Some companies claimed that they always pursue improving the production quality while other companies admitted that they have to improve the quality of the product to satisfy the EC regulations. 2.3 Determine an option or alternative that supports the project aims. Other way of supporting the project aim is to use theoretical information and implement it directly on the company. Information is like team management theories. Inductive and deductive research can be used to gather information and to move towards the aim. Deductive research Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally called a â€Å"top down† approach. Conclusion follows logically from premises Inductive research Inductive reasoning works the other way moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. Informally, we sometimes call this a â€Å"bottom up† approach. Conclusion is likely based on premises..It involves a degree of uncertainty. Inductive type based on induction. Data is collected on a subject and researcher tries to develop theory from this data. 3.1 Evaluate the research analysis to enable conclusions to be made. Team Management It is difficult to build a team and maintain good working relationships. However, team members go through a number of development stages to work together effectively in team performance management. Individuals performing well are rewarded while those who are not performing good are motivated. The functions and roles of its members should be recognised by its team. The leader should establish continuous communication lines and set clear goals that are understood. A team that performs well accomplishes projects quickly and with less difficulty, misunderstanding, and divergence. Strategic Objectives Strategic goals or objectives are broad, high level aims, derived from organisation’s mission statement and purpose, affecting the whole organization (sometimes referred to as corporate aims). These will be: †¢ Long term (time horizon of several years), although they should be monitored regularly (typically annually) and may be revised periodically. †¢ Responsive to external factors such as new competition, changes in global economic conditions, or customer demands. The term ‘strategic’ denotes a particular focus of the managers’ planning and decision making responsibilities. Senior mangers focus mostly on ‘why’ questions, concentrating on the ‘big picture’ and providing vision and leadership for employees across the whole organisation. Alignment of team performance and corporate goals To achieve the corporate aims it is necessary that the direction of the teams is towards the long term strategic goal. Managers and team leaders have to keep in mind what they need to achieve overall. And hence, to control the teams in such a way that either they are working on long projects or short it’s all adding up to the final goal. In the case of Shell the main objective of the company is to provide good quality chemicals. To achieve this there has to be a proper direct and control system of the staff working at the stores from the top management to the staff working on the floor. A good communication and understanding will always lead to easy achievement of goals, satisfying the customer at the end. Mangers are supposed to take into account the demand and supply of the products to make sure every product is available on time and then work should be allocated to the subordinates in a proper system to get all the work done systematically and easily. Proper team management should be done by the supervisors and the team leaders. All the staff should be divided into small teams which have to work in different sections. Proper training should be given to all the team members and a standard way of achieving the goal. This performance target should be given to all the team members and should be monitored and reviewed constantly. This standard should be according to the company policy and should be according to health and safety and customer satisfaction oriented. Providing good work at the end of every shift, which is the availability of all the products on time with good customer service. 3.2 Recommend a course of action that achieves the project aim. Skills that need some development †¢ Communicating †¢ Decision-making †¢ Leadership †¢ Prioritizing †¢ Valuing and †¢ Skills need to be achieved. †¢ To respond problems, experiences and opportunities from which to learn. †¢ To generate ideas without constraints of policy or structure or feasibility. †¢ Involving with other people i.e ideas bouncing off them, solving problems as part of a team. †¢ Need to have a limelight/high visibility i.e can chair meetings, lead discussion, and give presentations. †¢ To be engaging myself in short, activities such as business games, competitive teamwork tasks, role playing exercises. Supporting Others †¢ Motivating †¢ Analysing †¢ Delegating †¢ Reporting 3.3 Analyse the impact of the recommendations. Training courses at Shell for career progression. Management Development Programme Includes: †¢ Consumer Legislation †¢ Customer Service †¢ Employment Law †¢ Health and Safety †¢ Human Resource Management †¢ Policies & Procedures Opportunity development builds competitive positions by identifying and utilizing opportunities in the environment. Opportunity development is necessary because your existing positions are constantly being degraded by change. Opportunities exist as â€Å"openings† in the environment that allow you to advance your position in the direction of your mission. These openings are usually small, but by taking advantage of the small openings, you eventually position yourself for the big advances you want. Training After the initial audit our ethical trade specialists work with the suppliers to support them through remediation of any issues that are found. Training is offered to suppliers on particular issues and best practice, at regular intervals. Shell is in the process of more than tripling the size of its own ethical trade team that focuses on training and intensive problem solving with its suppliers. These individuals are trained to the highest levels and are equipped to address endemic problems in the supply chain and come up with viable solutions for the suppliers. 4.1 Produce the results of the investigative project. The purpose of this study was to explain the team buildings and teams work in Shell and development of its research work progress within the organization. It also presents suitable analysis of the project management and planning, advisory and project implementation of work. In this report, positive results of theories and its test showed that effective teamwork can lead to a success and achieving critical goals of Shell. It may also be able to gain the sustainability of competitiveness. Moreover, study explains that how team performance can be improved through leadership with project planning to face the upcoming challenges in modern era of business environment Shell operates in. The main result was in the adoption of the learning and training courses within the company in order to prosper and enhance in the future. Shell is one of the leading companies in the world in the chemical an oil sector and it felt pride in taking these training and development steps in order to move forward and to achieve its project aim as a result of the research program. 4.2 Evaluate the impact of the investigative project The future sustainability of any organization heavily depends on the quality of project management to be able to cope with today’s dynamic business environment. There is direct co relation between stake holder business project and the people within the firm. Shell is one of the four largest companies in the UK and has been ranked number one of the top 100 graduate employers in the UK and all over the world. The sustainability of Shell competitive advantage of its brightest people is depending on the successful team work and leadership. The best leaders know how to get others to follow and the best team members know how to follow their leaders. REFRENCES BOOKS: Aguilar, F.J. (1967) Scanning the Business Environment. New York: McMillan. Robert , buttrick ,(2005).The project workout: pearso education limited Edinburgh gate Education 3rd (1) pp, 305-350 Strauss, A. & Corbin, J, (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. London: Sage. Strauss, A. (1987) Qualitative Analysis For Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Total Quality Management: The route to improving performance by John S. Oakland (Hardcover – 15 Mar 1993) Shell employee control hand book 07/08 Personal development as a strategic manager unit 7001: level 7 strategic management and leadership CMI Checklist: †¢ Personal development planning †¢ Developing strategy for world class business E-learning †¢ Your role in improving personal effectiveness †¢ Development needs and planning development Web links: †¢ www.milum.net 13/12/2009 †¢ www.enotes.com 13/12/2009 †¢ www.quickmba.com 13/12/2009 †¢ www.managers.org.uk 10/12/2009 †¢ www.shell.co.uk 20/12/2009

Exploring the Myths of Minoan Bull Leaping

Fletcher, History 111B Minoan Bull Leaping Throughout Ancient History, many different animals are glorified and made â€Å"sacred† by cultures, often for religious reasons. We see everything from the ritual burials of cats in Ancient Egypt to the worship of Ganesha, the Elephant goddess of wisdom in Hindu traditions. The Bull is one of these historically revered animals, its use as a sacred symbol seen as far back as the Stone Age. Because it is such a common and useful animal, it was seen again and again in everything from astrology to folklore. Eventually, historical texts show reverence of the Bull reaching into Minoa.The Minoans were fascinated by the Bull, and created myths, symbols and religious ritual to give the Bull praise. One of the ways they did this was through â€Å"Bull Leaping†, a ritual in which an individual would stand head to head against a charging bull and proceed to vault over the animal using its own strength against it (Figure 1). Many researche rs have attempted to decipher what the ritual meant in context, but ultimately the rituals cultural significance has been lost to the ages. Assumptions have had to been made, and ultimately what is presented might be closer to hypothesized fantasies.To begin with, it is important to know why the Minoans became interested with the Bull in the first place. At the time, the Bull had been a sacred symbol for some 2300 years, and there are several possible explanations why the Bull continued to be so revered. One theory developed after examining the ancient mythologies and histories presented by Diodorus. Diodorus  hypothesized that some animal worship, including that of the Bull was a result of religious myth in which the gods, being threatened by giants, disguised themselves as animals.People then began to worship the animals that their god had transformed into, the Bull being one of these animals. Another theory deals with the religions of Minoa. The Minoans believed heavily in fema le goddesses, so much so as to referred to as a â€Å"matriarchal religion†. There was just one major male god represented in this society, known as the â€Å"earthshaker†. This god was astrological in nature, represented by a bull and the sun; He would die each autumn and reincarnate each spring. Through the astrological component of this theory, we can deduce that the Bull never stopped being revered since the finding of Taurus in the stars.Still, we cannot be sure why exactly the Bull was worshipped. There are dozens of theories, but many hinge on Greek mythology that might be embellished. German historian Walter Burket's constant warning is, â€Å"It is hazardous to project Greek tradition directly into the Bronze age. † With no absolutely definitive answer to explain the Minoan’s interest in the Bull, the next logical question to ask is what the jump signified, and why the Minoans did it. Some scholars seem to think that the jump was a religious rite , while others believed it to be a mode of entertainment and a show of superiority.The item in Figure 2 gives some context to both theories. Those supporting the religious motivation for Bull leaping cite the size of the bull, exaggeratedly large to show the Minoans’ respect for the power of the animals. Unfortunately, the same evidence works in arguments for the contrary. The exaggeration in size could be a display of how small the challenging human was compared to his counterpart, making the Bull leap an act of technical skill, displaying brains over mighty brawn. These two theories both fit, but ultimately the physical evidence discredits both of them. Both Figure 1 and Figure 2 display anatomically impossible vaults.In Figure 1, the Bull charging at full speed would never offer such a stable platform to vault from. When bulls charge they also lower one horn, aiming to impale. In Figure 2, the jump itself is impossible. The figure in the picture is perpendicular to the bul l, facing upwards, with arms stretched back. The physics of this vault are non-existent, and this clay piece was likely just an artist’s embellished portrayal. Bull Leaping, despite faulty evidences and no sure knowledge as to what it represented did occur in Minoan times. The actual event of bull leaping is still around today, in several European countries.From this, we know that at least the physical jump was possible. We must assume the idea to Bull leap came from somewhere, and Minoa presents the earliest depictions of the even. Frescos (paintings) can be found throughout Minoa, including the palace of Knossos, a well preserved port city in Minoa. One fresco (Figure 3) clearly shows a man leaping over a bull. The idea that it is a man doing the leaping is determined by skin color, as the Minoans, as did many ancient cultures of the time, color-coated males and females. That being said, there are two females in the picture.Scholars are perplexed as to what the women repres ent. They could indicate that women participated in the Bull leaping rite, or perhaps they symbolize some of the spectators. A personal suggestion is that the women are goddesses sent to protect the leaper. However, none of these hypotheses have any solid basis, and are all best-guess interpretations by scholars. In sum, there are many hypotheses to explain what Bull leaping was, what it meant in context and who participated in it. Many of these interpretations are loosely solidified in archeological evidence, but much of it is pure speculation.One thing we can know for sure is that because of the significance of the Bull in ancient culture, specifically to the Minoans, the Bull Leap was a true event to see. It would have been done with some skill, and perhaps with the grace of an athlete. It might have been a show of superiority over a wild animal, or perhaps a religious right to prove oneself to a god. Ultimately the true meaning of the event may be lost. Without more evidence, Mi noan Bull Leaping, a great spectacle once with a definitive reason behind it, may be reduced to just a few people jumping over bovines.Works Cited â€Å"A History of the World in 100 Objects. † BBC. 2010. http://www. bbc. co. uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/eU0DV7kOQ5inxmklD__YIw; (9/25/12) Brennan, Marie. â€Å"Bull-Leaping in Bronze Age Crete. † 2005. http://www. strangehorizons. com/2005/20050124/bull-leaping-a. shtml; (9/25/12). Bull-Leaping Diagram. â€Å"University of Kentucky Archives† , ND http://as-houston. ad. uky. edu/archive/Classics/aegean/fresco/fresco-Pages/Image31. html; (9/26/12) Burkert, Walter. Greek Religion. English Edition. Basil Blackwater Publishers. 1985 Lubbock, John.The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man. Kessinger Publishing Company. Whitefish, Montana. 2005. Mlahanas. â€Å"Bull Mythology†. 2005. http://www. mlahanas. de/Greeks/Mythology/BullMythology. html; (9/26/12) Marinatos, Nanno. Minoan Kingship and the Solar Goddess: A Near Eastern Koine. NP. 1993. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Mlahanas 2005, par. 3 [ 2 ]. Lubbock 2005,  252 [ 3 ]. Marinatos 1993, 167 [ 4 ]. Burkert 1985, 24 [ 5 ]. â€Å"A History of the World in 100 Objects† 2010, par. 1 [ 6 ]. Brennan 2005, sec. 4 par. 1

The Life Processes essays

The Life Processes essays The best way to distinguish a living organism from a non-living organism is to determine whether it does or does not have a metabolism. A metabolism is the ongoing interrelated series of chemical interactions taking place in living organisms that provide the energy and nutrients needed to sustain life. Regulation, Growth, Nutrition, Excretion, Synthesis, Transport, Respiration, and Reproduction are the processes that make up the metabolism and are known as lifes processes. Regulation, also known as homeostasis, helps the body maintain a stable internal environment. If for some reason this stable environment is disconcerted, the organism will no longer be able to stay alive. Growth is the process that regulates the development and increase in size of an organism. Growth is extremely dependent on Nutrition. Nutrition is the process that utilizes food in order to grow. It is made up of three parts, Ingestion, Digestion, and Egestion. Ingestion is the taking in of the food, Digestion is the break down of the food from larger to smaller molecules, and Egestion is the undigested waste. Excretion is the life process that deals with wastes, after food is utilized for nutrition, the products no longer needed exit the body. Synthesis is the chemical process of smaller molecules evolving into larger molecules. Transport, the fifth life process, controls the movement of nutrients in and out of cells. The circulatory system is an organized transportation unit found in complex living organisms. Respiration is the process that releases energy from food with the help of ATP. The last life process is Reproduction. Reproduction allows for an organism to make its own kind to prevent extinction. There is asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. In sexual reproduction, two cells from different organisms combine to produce a new being. In asexual reproduction, the newly born organism has only one parent. ...