Blending and Sounding

Grapheme-phoneme requires a lot of sound impersonating from the understudies, visual and material introduction, just as word usage. The instructor should initially comprehend that the letter set is known to be units which have its own one of a kind sound. Hence, the instructor ought to unmistakably set up that there are sure cases wherein sounds in a word establish in excess of a solitary letters in order. Additionally, understudies ought to unmistakably distinguish that discourse is made out of an assortment of sounds.There are various zones that understudies need to completely practice to empower themselves to appreciate the idea of graphemes-phonemes and upgrade their understanding aptitudes. These are (1) familiarity with the connection among sounds and words, (2) understanding the association of a letter to a sound, (3) using the connection among letters and phonemes to recognize printed words at that point read and spell them, and (4) comprehend what is perused (Good III, Simmo ns and Smith, 1998).To do this, the educator should initially tell the understudies that they will contemplate another sound. The educator should then exhibit how the new stable is articulated. The articulation of the sound to be instructed should then be emulated by the understudies to set up that the understudies become completely recognizable of the sound. This ought to be done more than once until all the understudies finish the sound articulation and pronunciation.After the sound has been emulated and has gotten comfortable by the understudies, the instructor should then show a visual of the letters including the sound. This would cause the understudies to distinguish the sound as a grapheme-phoneme for this particular sound doesn't comprise of a solitary letters in order however a gathering of it. To completely cause the understudies to comprehend that there are more than one letter that comprises this specific sound, the educator ought to have a portion of the understudies he lp with holding separate visuals to make the understudies mindful that the images are something beyond one.After building up to the understudies the data that there is something other than one letter set that makes up the sound instructed, the instructor could additionally cause the understudies to comprehend on their own that the letter sets being introduced are isolated by having them articulate the sound of each letter independently. In any case, the instructor ought to have the understudies realize that in spite of the individual sounds these different letters make; it despite everything makes another sound when consolidated. Since the understudies are acquainted with the letter sythesis of the sound, the educator should then cause the understudies to comprehend that these sounds are utilized in words.To do this, the instructor should utilize words that includes these grapheme-phonemes. He/she could use various materials that would enable the understudies to distinguish a word t hat contains this sound. What's more, at last, the understudies should then get comfortable with the word, articulate it accurately, and comprehend the word totally. References Adams, M. J. (1990). Starting to peruse: Thinking and finding out about print. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Great III, R. H. Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) with CBM.Early Childhood Research Institute on Measuring Growth and Development. Eugene, OR. The National Strategies, Department for Children, Schools and Families (Producer) Phase 3: Teaching graphemeâ€phoneme correspondence and rehearsing oral mixing. Recovered from <http://nationalstrategies. norms. dcsf. gov. uk/hub/85419> February 17, 2009. Wren, S. Phoneme Awareness. Creating Research-Based Resources for the Balanced Reading Teacher. Recovered from http://www. balancedreading. com/phonemeawareness. html February 17, 2008

Is there evidence of life on martian meteorites

Theoretical The adequate reality for the present is that no examination has figured out how to indisputably show or archive that there is life or no life in Mars. This examination paper is of the supposition that the contention about existence or absence of it in Mars ought to seize, until such when convincing proof to help contentions on either side will be achieved. Up to that point, analysts need to accomplish the difficult work of confirming or disproving existing hypotheses and counterchecking any new proof that could be contained in the Martian meteoritesAdvertising We will compose a custom article test on Is there proof of life on martian shooting stars? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Is there proof of life on Martian shooting stars? As indicated by Buseck et al, Nanocrystals of Magnetite(Fe3O4) mixes in shooting stars found from defaces are the most grounded, yet the most disputable markers that there is extraterrestrial life in Mars(13490). The charge joined to the Fe3O4 is that they look like gems found in Meteorite ALH84001, which are shaped by explicit earthly microscopic organisms. The ALH84001 was found in the Antarctica and later perceived as shooting star whose birthplace was Mars(Mckay et al 924). McKay Et al composed alarming report dependent on compound and basic highlights of ALH84001 (295).The report shows that there was to be sure life in defaces. McKay Et al put together their contentions with respect to four synthetic and basic highlights of the shooting star and in spite of the fact that they conceded that the individual highlights couldn't demonstrate their claim, they looked to persuade the overall population just as researchers that the four highlights taken all things considered were proof enough that there was to be sure life in Mars(Friedmann et al 562). The primary reason for their decision was the â€Å"igneous Mars Rock†. As indicated by their report, the stone was of unidentified geologic setting and had pores and broken spaces that were penetrated by a liquid. Their subsequent explanation was that the molten stone was more seasoned than the carbon globules discovered there in. The third explanation was that the TEM and SEM pictures caught of the carbon globules had highlights that take after microfossils, earthbound biogenic-carbonate structures, and earthbound small scale living beings. Fourth, the Fe-sulfide and magnetite particles demonstrated that the oxidation and different decreases response had happened on the compound, in this way showing the nearness of microbial frameworks lastly, there were Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)on the compound along these lines showing that its unique surface(Mars)had carbonate globules(McKay et al 930). Buseck et al, takes note of that despite the fact that the McKay et al hypothesis has been condemned and to a great extent addressed, nobody researcher or analyst has had the option to object it(13490).The report begins by recog nizing the way that the 1975 Viking lander tests figured out how to invalidate the likelihood that there was life on Mars. In any case, the report expresses that the end from the tests can't be intended to infer that there was positively no life in Mars. This was particularly in light of the fact that the Viking tests were too confined to even consider offering a definitive report with respect to life or absence of it in Mars(McKay et al 924).Advertising Looking for exposition on space science? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The conclusion by McKay Et al that shooting star ALH84001 has enough proof in regards to life in Mars has been censured by numerous researchers with Thomas-Keprta et al(2164) saying that the proof offered depended on â€Å"presumptive bio-signatures†. In their own examination, Thomas-Keprta et al characterized Fe3O4 gems and distinguished them to be like the intracellular magnetite discharged by MV -1(a magnetotactic microorganisms strain). In the exploration, Thomas Keprta et al expresses that the magnetite populaces are synthetically unadulterated and from a solitary domain(2164). They likewise watch a â€Å"unique† precious stone propensity, which they characterize as shortened hexaoctahedral(2164). They contend that since there are no known reports which could clarify the shortened hexaoctahedral perceptions, the nearness of the MV-1 strain of microorganisms was in all probability because of Natural determination as opposed to natural action. They anyway contend that the main chance where the magnetite gems could be utilized to demonstrate that there is life in Mars, is if there are â€Å"unexplained inorganic procedures on Mars that are missing on Earth and consequently frames the shortened hexa-octahedral magnetite† (2165). By and large, Thomas-Keprta et al figures out how to help rather oppose the McKay et al finding that the ALH84001 is a marker that ther e is life in Mars. Their contention doesn't anyway go unchallenged. Buseck at al, expresses that the â€Å"Truncated hexa-octahedral† precious stones they allude to are not as novel as they make individuals to accept (13494).Buseck et al contends that the term implies that the gems of ALH84001 have a blend of octahedron, dodecahedron and 3D square faces. These as per them had been seen in different shooting stars and thus were not a one of a kind perspective by any means. Buseck et al(13490) reprimands the two examinations done by Mckay Et al(929)and Thomas-Keprta et al(2165) saying that the two contentions are defective. He guarantees that without the miniaturized scale auxiliary or synthetic proof to back the claim that the highlights in the ALH84001 are in fact magnetite precious stones, at that point any proof delivered from there on is prohibited. He further contends that magnototactic microorganisms are ever-present on the Earth, in spite of the way that unblemished cha ins of the nano-sized magnetite precious stones from such microscopic organisms are elusive in natural land tests. As such the flawless chains as found by McKay et al(925)would be elusive in light of the fact that it would be improbable that they would endure natural procedures. Friedman et al recognizes that it is very hard to see how the magnetite chains theorized by McKay et al made due in their unblemished form(2176).This just serves to provide reason to feel ambiguous about further the claim of McKay et al and resulting research led and reported by different writers like Friedman et al and Thomas-Keprta Et al(2164-2169).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Is there proof of life on martian shooting stars? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Golden et al neither invalidate nor bolster the charge by McKay et al(370-375).They anyway demonstrated that the same amount of as the development of carbonates, sulfides and magnetite on ALH84001 could be achieved in temperatures that help life, the equivalent can be shaped inorganically. Brilliant et al through a mix of precipitation and warming procedures created straightforward inorganic procedure, which they guarantee can offer an elective clarification to the carbonate, Fe-sulfide and magnetite found in the shooting star ALH84001(370). The adequate reality until further notice is that no examination has figured out how to indisputably show or record that there is life or no life in Mars. This exploration paper is of the assessment that the contention about existence or absence of it in Mars ought to seize, until such when definitive proof to help contentions on either side will be achieved. Up to that point, scientists need to accomplish the difficult work of confirming or invalidating existing speculations and counterchecking any new proof that could be contained in the Martian shooting stars. Conversation By2007, there were 12 shooting stars that had been contemplated or st ill were being read for fixings that would propose life on Mars. The shooting stars were thought to have begun from Mars due to their unique(often particular) science (Kimball 1). Of all the 12, the ALH84001 has been the absolute most shooting stars exposed to broad examination. The three most refered to fixings in the ALH84001 that recommend that there could be undoubtedly life forms in Mars are the nearness of PAHs. In any case, researchers note that PAHs are not one of a kind to shooting stars from Mars as it were. As indicated by Kimball, shooting stars from different places in the heavenly bodies are known to have PAHs excessively despite the fact that it has been built up that there are no hints of life there(1). The mineral inside the meteorite(magnetite, carbon and Fe-sulfide)is the other pointer that a few researchers use to propose the nearness of life exercises in Mars. Notwithstanding, as observed over, a few specialists have demonstrated that it is very conceivable to p roduce the minerals without organic procedures. The time that the minerals were stored in the shooting star is additionally suspect in light of the fact that as Kimball(1)indicates, the minerals appears to have been saved in the particular stone later in its history, which brings up the issue, is it conceivable that the stone picked the minerals on earth rather from its cause? Stephan et al noticed that the stone had combination outside layers, and mineralogical and well as compound differences(113). These distinctions could have prompted the pollution of the internal stone through the splits, which could have occurred during taking care of or in the Antarctic condition before the stone was discovered.Advertising Searching for article on space science? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More A response to this inquiry is given by Stephan et al, who after an examination inferred that it was exceptionally impossible that the PAHs in the ALH84001 had an extraterrestrial origin(113). The examination further gave proof that the shooting star was debased by lead, which is clearly an earthly material. Studies by Golden et al likewise imply that ALH84001 keeps on being sullied with earthly microbial materials henceforth recommending that ‘maybe’ the PAHs had been picked in its Antarctica area (374). The third explanation that a few scientists like McKay et al (924) and Thomas-Keprta et al(2164)suggests demonstrates a few indications of life are the articles that take after fossils in minuscule small scale life forms when seen under a magnifying lens. This contention is anyway discre

A Brief History of Sick Days

A Brief History of Sick Days A Brief History of Sick Days A Brief History of Sick DaysWhen it comes to guaranteeing paid medical leave, the United States is behind many European nations and possibly the Ancient Egyptians as well.With Memorial Day almost upon us, millions of Americans are going to be enjoying a well-earned day off. But there is one kind of day off that many Americans don’t enjoy: paid sick leave. Why is that? We reached out to a few experts and consulted the historical record to find out why.The United States lags behind.Depending on where you work or what kind of job you have, you might or might not be able to take paid time off work when you’re sick and need to recuperate. And if it seems like there is little rhyme or reason to our country’s system for guaranteeing paid sicks days, well, you’re exactly not wrong about that.Last year, we wrote a post chronicling the evolution of the U.S. health insurance system, which mostly amounted to laying out a series of historical accidents leading to the current arrangement we enjoyâ€"or maybe don’t enjoyâ€"today. And when it comes to the history of sick days, particularly in the United States, the story is much the same.While some level of paid sick leave is a standard workplace benefit in at least 145 countries around the world, currently there are no federal laws requiring private employers to provide paid sick leave for their employees who work in the United States,” explained Timothy Wiedman, retired professor of Management Human Resources at  Doane University (@DoaneUniversity).“A few U.S. cities (notably San Francisco and Washington, D.C.) have passed such legislation to cover a great many local employees who work within their jurisdictions, but those situations are very rare at this point.”“On the other hand, the majority of government workers and private-sector unionized employees do receive some level of paid sick leave benefits, Wiedman continued. “Further, a great many large and medium-sized companies also voluntarily provide s ome sort of paid sick leave for their (non-union) salaried and clerical employees.”“So in America, exactly ‘who’ receives paid sick leaveâ€"and how much leave theyre entitled toâ€"amounts to a hodgepodge of disparate plans that lack any uniformity.”Sick leave traces its origins back to Ancient Egypt.If you expect us to say something like “sick leave actually dates back to the Ancient Greeks,” you’d only be half right. The Ancient Greeks sure did invent a lot of things, but sick leave wasn’t one of them. For that, you’d have to take a trip across the Mediterranean.“The first record of sick days goes back to ancient Egypt,” said Richard Pummell, Human Resources Lead at DevelopIntelligence. “Craftsmen who were working on the tombs journaled their work activities and when they were paid in grain.“Historians have noted that these craftsmen continued to receive their payments of grain even after evidence showed the workers had taken ill for a period of time and was unable to work, thereby documenting the first sick days!”It would take another couple thousand years before the United States of America would even existâ€"but even then, this country’s views on paid sick leave were a little behind the times. And that view didn’t just extend to paid sick leave, but to the concept of paid vacation in general.In the 20th century, paid sick leave slowly improves.After the Industrial Revolution hadâ€"wellâ€"revolutionized the American workforce, the idea that perhaps giving workers a little extra time off might be good for them and for their employers began to take hole. In 1910, President William Howard Taft proposed legislation that would have guaranteed U.S. two to three months off every year!As you might have guessed, that bill did  not make it through Congress.“Sick days in the United States have evolved very slowly, said Hummell.” They first entered the vernacular as unions became prevalent and were looking for ways to ensure that m embers pay was consistent. Losing paid time over illness was problematic, and limited amounts of compensation paid for time not worked due to illness became more common. As most unions were engaged in male-dominated fields, females were less likely to be in an occupation that offered paid sick time.”“As corporations offered expanded benefits starting in the 1950s and 60s, paid sick days became more common but only to those employed by large organizations. Due to the lack of any federal law regarding payment of sick days to employees, those working for themselves or for smaller companies were not typically afforded this benefit,” he continued.FMLA represented a big step forward.Even though paid medical leave was becoming a bit more standard for U.S. employees, there were still no overarching government policies in place. On that front, progress wouldn’t be made for decades: The biggest step forward for paid leave in the United States came during the Clinton Administration.“ In 1993, Congress passed the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) which provides up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave per year for many (but certainly not all) U.S. workers (with no threat of job loss) to deal with personal or family health-related situations that are specified by the law,” said Wiedman.Still, unpaid medical leave isn’t the same thing as paid sick days. And decades after the passage of the FMLA, there’s a lot of progress still to be made.“Even now, employees in service industries such as restaurants and hotels are typically not provided with paid sick leave. This benefit is also usually only offered to full-time employees, so anyone who is part-time is also not likely to receive sick pay,” said Pummell.“Today, only nine states and a number of cities in the US require employers to offer paid sick leave. The United States definitely lags most of Europe in this regard, where extensive sick days that can extend into many weeks are offered and sick leave is managed by the employer, a physician, and the government.”So what does the future hold for sick days?A day off to rest up from a nasty cold is a great benefit, but being able to take paid time off to deal with a serious medical issue could mean the difference between a speedy recovery and filing for bankruptcy.These sorts of issues are how many people end up relying on predatory no credit check loans and short-term bad credit loansâ€"like payday loans, cash advances, and title loansâ€"to make ends meet, trapping them in a dangerous cycle of debt.So will things change anytime soon? Wiedman thinks so:“A great many business leaders (especially folks who represented the interests of small businesses) fought the passage of the FMLA It was thought to be the (so-called) thin edge of the wedge that would expand to cover more and more workersâ€"and would eventually require paid leave.“Thus far, that hasnt happened.  However, numerous politicians have made proposals that seem to fit that gener al agenda.  So personally, I doubt that the FMLA will remain in its current form indefinitely!”Are you prepared for a medical emergency?In order to protect yourself from an unexpected medical issue, you should have a well-stocked emergency fund in place. And that means creating a plan to save money on the regular. To learn more, check out  these other posts and articles from OppLoans:Save More Money With These 40 Expert TipsFinancial Basics: Expert Tips for Smarter SpendingBuilding your Financial Life: Budgeting for Beginners8 Good Habits to Get Your Financesâ€"and Your Lifeâ€"on TrackDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsRichard Pummell has over 30 years of business experience in the software, human resources outsourcing and business process outsourcing industries. He has led management teams that enabled the rapid growth of start-up, small and medium-size companies, an d has worked with a number of Fortune 500 and multi-national companies on human resources, process improvement, and systems implementation projects. Most recently, Richard has launched workonnex in the United States, a company providing real-time data and consulting services on employee satisfaction, engagement, and well-being.After 13 years as a successful operations manager working at two different ‘Fortune 1000’ companies, Dr. Timothy G. Wiedman spent the next 28 years in academia teaching college courses in business, management, human resources, and retirement planning.  Dr. Wiedman recently took an early retirement from  Doane University (@DoaneUniversity), is a member of the Human Resources Group of West Michigan and continues to do annual volunteer work for the SHRM Foundation. He holds two graduate degrees in business and has completed multiple professional certifications.

High Risk Sexual Behavior At North Carolina - 1231 Words

It is known that a lot of adolescents engage in different sexual intercourse before they even graduate from high school. A study that was conducted in 2014 by the Department of Psychology at the University of North Carolina stated how this type of high risk sexual behavior is the reason as to why these kinds of actions have resulted in more than 9 million new cases involving sexually transmitted diseases, and 8,300 new cases of human immunodeficiency viruses, which include things such as HIV. These results continued between adolescents and new coming adults. The study also found that if you have a well-established open communication about the different sexual health issues with your partner that promotes safer sexual†¦show more content†¦The different procedures that were used to conduct this study were surveys, which were administered via computer which assisted self-interviews. These computers were located in a classroom setting with about approximately 30 students. The pr ocedures that CASI executed were shown to reduce biases and increase validity, which would allow the study to be conducted once again and receive similar results. The participants were recruited from three low-income high schools in the southeastern United States. All of the students in 7th and 8th grade were recruited except for those who were in special education classroom. From these participants who were considered for the study, only 82.4% of them provided a consent form concerning the study. From those 900 students, 32 of them were absent from school that day or simply declined participation. The analysis was conducted in five steps. The first step conducted a variety of descriptive analysis to determine what percentage of the youth in the study had discussed sexual health topics with their partners, their parents, and their best friends. The second step was to analyze how the different conversations differed depending on the person to whom they were discussion these topics. For example the difference between how you spoke to your parents versus your friends. Thirdly the study examined the differences in the number of sexual health topics. The fourth way was by examining whether or not discussion of the sexual health topics

Importance of the Magna Carta to the US Constitution

The Magna Carta, meaning â€Å"Great Charter,† is one of the most influential political documents ever written: it is seen by many modern political scientists as the fundamental document for many of the governing laws of the west, including the United States. Originally issued in 1215 by King John of England as a way of dealing with his own political crisis, the Magna Carta was the first governmental decree establishing the principle that all people—including the king—were equally subject to the law.   Key Document in U.S. Political Foundations In particular, the Magna Carta had a significant impact on the American Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Constitution, and the constitutions of various U.S. states. Its influence is also reflected in the beliefs held by eighteenth-century Americans that the Magna Carta affirmed their rights against oppressive rulers. In keeping with colonial Americans general distrust of sovereign authority, most early state constitutions included declarations of rights retained by individual citizens and lists of protections of those citizens from the powers of the state government. Due in part to this conviction to individual liberty first embodied in the Magna Carta, the newly-formed United States also adopted the Bill of Rights. The American Bill of Rights Several of the natural rights and legal protections enumerated in both the state declarations of rights and the United States Bill of Rights descend from rights protected by Magna Carta. A few of these include: Freedom from unlawful searches and seizuresThe right to a speedy trialA right to a jury trial in both criminal and civil casesProtection from loss of life, liberty, or property without due process of law The exact phrase from the 1215 Magna Carta referring to â€Å"due process of law† is in Latin, but there are various translations. The British Library translation reads: â€Å"No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of his standing in any other way, nor will we proceed with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawful judgement of his equals or by the law of the land.† In addition, many broader constitutional principles and doctrines have their roots in America’s eighteenth-century interpretation of the Magna Carta, such as the theory of representative government, the idea of a supreme law, a government based on a clear separation of powers, and the doctrine of judicial review of legislative and executive acts. Journal of the Continental Congress Evidence of the influence of the Magna Carta on the American system of government can be found in several key documents, including the Journal of the Continental Congress, which is the official record kept of the Congresss deliberations between May 10, 1775, and March 2, 1789. In September and October 1774, the delegates to the first Continental Congress drafted a Declaration of Rights and Grievances, in which the colonists demanded the same liberties guaranteed to them under â€Å"the principles of the English constitution, and the several charters or compacts.† They demanded self-government, freedom from taxation without representation, the right to a trial by a jury of their own countrymen, and their enjoyment of â€Å"life, liberty, and property† free from interference from the English crown. The Federalist Papers Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, and published anonymously between October 1787 and May 1788, the Federalist Papers were a series of eighty-five articles intended to build support for the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. Despite the widespread adoption of declarations of individual rights in state constitutions, several members of the Constitutional Convention generally opposed adding a bill of rights to the federal Constitution. In Federalist No. 84, published during the summer of 1788, Hamilton argued against the inclusion of a bill of rights, stating: â€Å"Here, in strictness, the people surrender nothing; and as they retain everything they have no need of particular reservations.† In the end, however, the Anti-Federalists prevailed and the Bill of Rights—based largely on the Magna Carta—was appended to the Constitution in order to secure its final ratification by the states. The Bill of Rights as Proposed As originally proposed to Congress in 1791, there were twelve amendments to the constitution. These were strongly influenced by the state of Virginia’s Declaration of Rights of 1776, which in turn incorporated a number of the protections of the Magna Carta. As a ratified document, the Bill of Rights included five articles directly reflecting these protections: Protection from unreasonable searches and seizures (4th),  Protection of rights to life, liberty, and property (5th),  Rights of accused persons in criminal cases (6th),  Rights in civil cases (7th), and  Other rights kept by the people (8th).   History of the Magna Carta King John I (also known as John Lackland, 1166–1216) ruled England, Ireland and sometimes Wales and Scotland between 1177–1216. His predecessor and brother Richard I had spent much of the kingdoms wealth on the crusades: and in 1200, John himself had lost lands in Normandy, ending the Andevin Empire. In 1209, after an argument with Pope Innocent III  over who should be the archbishop of Canterbury, John was excommunicated from the church. John needed to pay money to get back in Popes good graces, and he wanted to wage war and get back his lands in Normandy, so as sovereigns were wont to do, he increased already-heavy taxes on his subjects. The English barons fought back, forcing a meeting with the king at Runnymede near Windsor on June 15, 1215. At this meeting, King John was coerced into signing the Great Charter which protected some of their basic rights against royal actions. After some modifications, the charter known as the magna carta libertatum (great charter of liberties) became part of the law of the land of England in 1297 under the reign of Edward I.  Ã‚   Key Provisions of the Magna Carta Following are some of the key items that were included in the 1215 version of the Magna Carta: Habeas corpus, known as the right to due process, said that free men could only be imprisoned and punished after lawful judgment by a jury of their peers.Justice could not be sold, denied, or delayed.Civil lawsuits did not have to be held in the kings court.The Common Council had to approve the amount of money that vassals had to pay instead of having to serve in the military (called scutage) along with any aid that could be requested from them with only three exceptions, but in all cases, the aid had to be reasonable. This basically meant that John could no longer tax without the agreement of his Council.If the King wanted to call the Common Council, he had to give the barons, church officials, landowners, sheriffs, and bailiffs 40 days notice that included a stated purpose for why it was being called.For commoners, all fines had to be reasonable so that their livelihood could not be taken away. Further, any offense that a commoner was said to have committed had to be sworn to by go od men from the neighborhood.Bailiffs and constables could not appropriate peoples possessions.London and other cities were given the right to collect customs.The king could not have a mercenary army. In feudalism, the barons were the army. If the king had his own army, he would have the power to do what he wanted against the barons.Inheritances were guaranteed to individuals with the amount of what today we would call inheritance tax being set in advance.As stated previously, the king himself had to follow the law of the land. Up until the Magna Carta’s creation, British monarchs enjoyed supreme rule. With the Magna Carta, the king, for the first time, was not allowed to be above the law. Instead, he had to respect the rule of law and not abuse his position of power. Location of Documents Today There are four known copies of the Magna Carta in existence today. In 2009, all four copies were granted UN World Heritage status. Of these, two are located at the British Library, one is at Lincoln Cathedral, and the last is at Salisbury Cathedral. Official copies of the Magna Carta were reissued in later years. Four were issued in 1297 which King Edward I of England affixed with a wax seal. One of these is currently located in the United States. Conservation efforts were recently completed to help preserve this key document. It can be seen at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., along with the Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights.   Updated by Robert Longley Resources and Further Reading Documents from the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, 1774 to 1789. Digital Collections. Library of Congress.The Federalist Papers. Congress.gov.  Howard, A. E. Dick. Magna Carta: Text and Commentary, 2nd ed. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998.Linebaugh, Peter. The Magna Carta Manifesto: Liberties and Commons for All. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009Magna Carta 1215: Transcript in English and Latin. The British Library.  Hamilton, Alexander. Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered. Federalist Papers 84. New York: McLeans, July 16–August 9, 1788Vincent, Nicholas. The clauses of Magna Carta. The British Library, March 13, 2015.  The Virginia Declaration of Rights. National Archives.

The visit summary Free Essays

The story opens with the town of Guellen (which literally means â€Å"excrement†) preparing for the arrival of famed millionairess Claire Zachanassian. The town is In a state of disrepair, and the residents are suffering considerable hardship and poverty. They hope that Claire, a native of the small town, will provide them with much- needed funds. We will write a custom essay sample on The visit summary or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alfred Ill, the owner of Guellen’s general store and the most popular man In town, was Claire’s lover when they were young, and agrees with the Mayor that the task of convincing her to make a donation should fall to him. As the town athers at the railway station to prepare for Claire’s arrival, they are met with an unexpected surprise when Claire steps off of an earlier train. She Is grand, grotesque, and fantastic, and Is accompanied by two henchmen, her husband, a butler, and two eunuchs, along with a coffin, a caged black panther, and various pieces of luggage. She begins a flirtatious exchange with Ill, and they promptly revlslt their old haunts: Petersen’s Barn and Konrad’s Village Wood. Ill finds her as delightful as ever, though they are both now in their sixties and significantly overweight. Claire draws Ill’s attention to her prosthetic leg and artificial hand. After settling into the Golden Apostle Hotel, Claire joins the rest of the town, who have gathered outside for a homecoming celebration. A band plays, gymnasts perform, and the Mayor gives a speech. Claire takes the opportunity to announce that she will make a donation of one million dollars, half for the town and half to be shared among the families. The townspeople are overjoyed, but their happiness is dampened when Claire’s Butler steps forward to reveal her condition. The Butler was once the Lord Chief Justice of Guellen, and had overseen the paternity suit that Claire had brought against Ill in 1910. In the suit, Ill had produced two false witnesses (who have since been transformed into Claire’s eunuchs), and the court had ruled in his favor. Ill went on to marry Matilda, who owned the general store, and Claire moved to Hamburg and became a prostitute. She declares to the townspeople that she has come to Guellen to prove that Justice can, indeed, be bought. Her donation is conditional on Ill’s death. When the Mayor refuses, the town cheers in support, but Claire states rather minously, â€Å"I’ll wait. Ill feels generally confident about his status in the town. However, as time passes, he begins to feel troubled about their growing discontent, and then increasingly fearful as he begins to notice the proliferation of new yellow shoes on the feet of the townsmen, and the fact that everyone seems to be purchasing especially expensive items on credit. He goes to see the Pol iceman to demand that he arrest Claire for having threatened his life, but the Policeman tells him that the threat is nonsense. Ill then turns to the Mayor, who echoes similar sentiments. Both figures are armed, because Claire’s black panther has escaped from his cage and is prowling about the town. This only feeds Ill’s fear, since â€Å"my black panther† was Claire’s pet name for him In their youth. He runs to see the Priest, but the Priest seems to be turning away from him as well, as he effectively Ignores Ill’s fears and Instead draws attention to the magnificent new church bell. Slowly, the standard of living in the town rises, even though the townspeople continue to assure Ill that he is safe. Claire then receives the news that her black panther has been Klllea, ana sne nas a Tuneral song played In Its memory. In an effort to escape, Ill heads to the railway station, but finds that, strangely, the entire town is gathered there. They ask him where he is going, and he says that he is planning to move to Australia. They wish him well, again assuring him that he has nothing to fear in Guellen, but Ill grows increasingly nervous nonetheless. The train arrives, but he decides not to board, believing that someone will stop him anyway. Paralyzed, he collapses in the crowd, crying, â€Å"I’m lost! After some time passes and Claire weds a ew husband in the Guellen Cathedral, the Doctor and the Schoolmaster go to see her and explain that the townspeople have run up considerable debts since her arrival. The Schoolmaster appeals to her sense of humanity and begs her to abandon her desire for vengeance and help the town out of the goodness of her heart. She reveals to them that she already actually owns all of properties in the town, and t hat she is the reason the businesses have been shut down and caused stagnation and poverty for the citizens. The Doctor and the Schoolmaster are aghast at this revelation. In the meantime, Ill has been pacing the room above the general store, his terror growing as the townspeople buy more and more expensive products on credit. News reporters, having received word of Claire’s imminent wedding, are everywhere, and they enter the store to get the scoop on Ill, having heard that he was Claire’s lover back in the day. The Schoolmaster, drunk, tries to inform the press about Claire’s cruel proposal, but the townspeople stop him. Finally Ill descends the stairs, surprised at the hubbub, but quiet. The reporters clear the room when they hear hat Claire has Just divorced the man she has Just married, and has found a new lover. After the confusion has cleared, the Schoolmaster and Ill have an honest discussion. The Schoolmaster explains that he is certain that Ill will be killed, and admits that he will ultimately Join the ranks of the murderers. Ill calmly states that he has accepted his guilt, and acknowledges that the town’s suffering is his fault. The Schoolmaster leaves, and Ill is confronted by the Mayor, who asks whether Ill will accept the town’s Judgment at that evening’s meeting. Ill says that he will. The Mayor hen suggests that Ill make things easier on everyone and shoot himself, but Ill refuses, insisting that the town must go through the process of actually Judging and then killing him. Ill goes for a ride in his son’s newly-purchased car, accompanied by his wife, Matilda, and his daughter, both of whom are wearing new outfits. As they drive through Konrad’s Village Wood, Ill says that he is going to go for a walk through the woods before heading to the town meeting. His family continues on to the movie theater. In the woods, Ill comes across Claire, who is walking with her newest husband. She asks her husband to leave so that she and Ill can speak privately. They reminisce about the past, and make plans for the future. Claire tells Ill that she plans to take his body away in the coffin to a mausoleum in Capri that overlooks the Mediterranean. She also tells Ill that she has never stopped loving him, but that over time her love has grown into something monstrous. The town meeting is flooded with press, and the town publicly announces their acceptance of Claire’s donation. They then go through the formality of a vote, which is unanimous, and the Mayor states that they have Ill to thank for their new-found wealth. The press is then ushered out of the auditorium to enjoy refreshments. The doors are locked, and the lights are dimmed. The Priest crosses Ill, and he is killed by the townsmen. Just as a reporter reappears In tne au01torlum, tne Doctor announces tnat II I nas oleo Trom a neart attack. The reporters gather, and declare that Ill has died from Joy. Claire examines the corpse, gives the Mayor his check, and leaves the town with Ill’s body in the coffin that she brought with her when she arrived in Guellen. Claire boards the train at the railway station, and the visit comes to an end. How to cite The visit summary, Papers

The visit summary Free Essays

The story opens with the town of Guellen (which literally means â€Å"excrement†) preparing for the arrival of famed millionairess Claire Zachanassian. The town is In a state of disrepair, and the residents are suffering considerable hardship and poverty. They hope that Claire, a native of the small town, will provide them with much- needed funds. We will write a custom essay sample on The visit summary or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alfred Ill, the owner of Guellen’s general store and the most popular man In town, was Claire’s lover when they were young, and agrees with the Mayor that the task of convincing her to make a donation should fall to him. As the town athers at the railway station to prepare for Claire’s arrival, they are met with an unexpected surprise when Claire steps off of an earlier train. She Is grand, grotesque, and fantastic, and Is accompanied by two henchmen, her husband, a butler, and two eunuchs, along with a coffin, a caged black panther, and various pieces of luggage. She begins a flirtatious exchange with Ill, and they promptly revlslt their old haunts: Petersen’s Barn and Konrad’s Village Wood. Ill finds her as delightful as ever, though they are both now in their sixties and significantly overweight. Claire draws Ill’s attention to her prosthetic leg and artificial hand. After settling into the Golden Apostle Hotel, Claire joins the rest of the town, who have gathered outside for a homecoming celebration. A band plays, gymnasts perform, and the Mayor gives a speech. Claire takes the opportunity to announce that she will make a donation of one million dollars, half for the town and half to be shared among the families. The townspeople are overjoyed, but their happiness is dampened when Claire’s Butler steps forward to reveal her condition. The Butler was once the Lord Chief Justice of Guellen, and had overseen the paternity suit that Claire had brought against Ill in 1910. In the suit, Ill had produced two false witnesses (who have since been transformed into Claire’s eunuchs), and the court had ruled in his favor. Ill went on to marry Matilda, who owned the general store, and Claire moved to Hamburg and became a prostitute. She declares to the townspeople that she has come to Guellen to prove that Justice can, indeed, be bought. Her donation is conditional on Ill’s death. When the Mayor refuses, the town cheers in support, but Claire states rather minously, â€Å"I’ll wait. Ill feels generally confident about his status in the town. However, as time passes, he begins to feel troubled about their growing discontent, and then increasingly fearful as he begins to notice the proliferation of new yellow shoes on the feet of the townsmen, and the fact that everyone seems to be purchasing especially expensive items on credit. He goes to see the Pol iceman to demand that he arrest Claire for having threatened his life, but the Policeman tells him that the threat is nonsense. Ill then turns to the Mayor, who echoes similar sentiments. Both figures are armed, because Claire’s black panther has escaped from his cage and is prowling about the town. This only feeds Ill’s fear, since â€Å"my black panther† was Claire’s pet name for him In their youth. He runs to see the Priest, but the Priest seems to be turning away from him as well, as he effectively Ignores Ill’s fears and Instead draws attention to the magnificent new church bell. Slowly, the standard of living in the town rises, even though the townspeople continue to assure Ill that he is safe. Claire then receives the news that her black panther has been Klllea, ana sne nas a Tuneral song played In Its memory. In an effort to escape, Ill heads to the railway station, but finds that, strangely, the entire town is gathered there. They ask him where he is going, and he says that he is planning to move to Australia. They wish him well, again assuring him that he has nothing to fear in Guellen, but Ill grows increasingly nervous nonetheless. The train arrives, but he decides not to board, believing that someone will stop him anyway. Paralyzed, he collapses in the crowd, crying, â€Å"I’m lost! After some time passes and Claire weds a ew husband in the Guellen Cathedral, the Doctor and the Schoolmaster go to see her and explain that the townspeople have run up considerable debts since her arrival. The Schoolmaster appeals to her sense of humanity and begs her to abandon her desire for vengeance and help the town out of the goodness of her heart. She reveals to them that she already actually owns all of properties in the town, and t hat she is the reason the businesses have been shut down and caused stagnation and poverty for the citizens. The Doctor and the Schoolmaster are aghast at this revelation. In the meantime, Ill has been pacing the room above the general store, his terror growing as the townspeople buy more and more expensive products on credit. News reporters, having received word of Claire’s imminent wedding, are everywhere, and they enter the store to get the scoop on Ill, having heard that he was Claire’s lover back in the day. The Schoolmaster, drunk, tries to inform the press about Claire’s cruel proposal, but the townspeople stop him. Finally Ill descends the stairs, surprised at the hubbub, but quiet. The reporters clear the room when they hear hat Claire has Just divorced the man she has Just married, and has found a new lover. After the confusion has cleared, the Schoolmaster and Ill have an honest discussion. The Schoolmaster explains that he is certain that Ill will be killed, and admits that he will ultimately Join the ranks of the murderers. Ill calmly states that he has accepted his guilt, and acknowledges that the town’s suffering is his fault. The Schoolmaster leaves, and Ill is confronted by the Mayor, who asks whether Ill will accept the town’s Judgment at that evening’s meeting. Ill says that he will. The Mayor hen suggests that Ill make things easier on everyone and shoot himself, but Ill refuses, insisting that the town must go through the process of actually Judging and then killing him. Ill goes for a ride in his son’s newly-purchased car, accompanied by his wife, Matilda, and his daughter, both of whom are wearing new outfits. As they drive through Konrad’s Village Wood, Ill says that he is going to go for a walk through the woods before heading to the town meeting. His family continues on to the movie theater. In the woods, Ill comes across Claire, who is walking with her newest husband. She asks her husband to leave so that she and Ill can speak privately. They reminisce about the past, and make plans for the future. Claire tells Ill that she plans to take his body away in the coffin to a mausoleum in Capri that overlooks the Mediterranean. She also tells Ill that she has never stopped loving him, but that over time her love has grown into something monstrous. The town meeting is flooded with press, and the town publicly announces their acceptance of Claire’s donation. They then go through the formality of a vote, which is unanimous, and the Mayor states that they have Ill to thank for their new-found wealth. The press is then ushered out of the auditorium to enjoy refreshments. The doors are locked, and the lights are dimmed. The Priest crosses Ill, and he is killed by the townsmen. Just as a reporter reappears In tne au01torlum, tne Doctor announces tnat II I nas oleo Trom a neart attack. The reporters gather, and declare that Ill has died from Joy. Claire examines the corpse, gives the Mayor his check, and leaves the town with Ill’s body in the coffin that she brought with her when she arrived in Guellen. Claire boards the train at the railway station, and the visit comes to an end. How to cite The visit summary, Papers

Analysis Of The Astronomers Wife Essay Example For Students

Analysis Of The Astronomers Wife Essay Analysis of The Astronomers WifeIn the Astronomers Wife by Kay Boyle, something as simple as aconversation with a plumber about a stopped elbow is enough to trigger anawakening in Mrs. Katherine Ames. When Mrs. Ames realized that the plumber wastalking about something she understood (the stopped elbow), she realized thather marital problems were not the result of a division betwwen the sexes;instead, she realized that some men, like the plumber, are as practical as sheis, and that some other men, like her husband, scorn people like her becausethey are intellectually inclined. Previous to this discovery, Katherine did notrealize that there were different kinds of men, and therefore she did notrealize that she and her husband were mismatched. Furthermore, in her awakening,Mrs. Ames also discovers that she, like the plumber, occupies as valuable aplace in society as the astronomer, for she does the dirty work to free peoplelike her husband to have time to think and to discover. The scene in question takes place after Mrs. Ames has already noticed thatthe plumber has a few physical characteristics that match her own (such asblond hair), and she is talking to him as he descends into the earth. The scenebegins immediately after the plumber says I think something has stopped theelbow, because this phrase was one of the few things that a man has ever saidthat Mrs. Ames has understood. After the plumber has descended into the groundbefore the scene, Mrs. Ames is the only one left. She spends the entireduration of this scene sitting on the grass, silently thinking and revealing herthoughts to the audience. During her course of thinking, Mrs. Ames makes the important discovery thatthere is a whole race of practical people like herself, men and women alike. She knew that when her husband spoke of height, having no sense of it, shecould not picture it nor hear, but strangely enough, when another man whohappened to be a plumer spoke of his work, madness in a daily shape, as elbowstopped, she saw clearly and well. Mrs Ames finally realized during thesethoughts that these were two men with two different ways of life, and perhapsher way of life suited the plumbers more than the astronomers, in that she toocould identify only with daily concerns. The division between people in hermind was no longer just between men and women; it was now the working and thethinking, those who had always gone up, and others who went down, like thecorporeal being of the dead. She now recognized that there were both physicaland spiritual human beings, herself and the plumber being the former, and herhusband being the latter. The theme is revealed in the way that these two classes of people, thetoilers and the thinkers, react to the world. The people who work with theirhands, when they see weeds springing up, do not move to tear them up fromlife. In other words, people like Mrs, Ames, upon recognizing something thatoccupies the same position in society that they do, such as the often ill-regarded weed, do not feel compelled to destroy it. Weeds, like the workers,although considered ugly, are as necessary for nature to be in balance as themore beautiful flower is. However, people like the astronomer could balanceand divide, weed out, destroy. This indicates that people with lofty ambitions,like the astronomer, do not regard the common people as necessary for the worldto run smoothly, and would rather obliterate them. The astronomer does notrealize that by unclogging pipes and performing other such chores, those peoplehave allowed him to be free to think about large-scale problems. Interactionbetween the tw o types of people is necessary, whether either one realizes it,for the world to function. .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d , .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d .postImageUrl , .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d , .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d:hover , .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d:visited , .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d:active { border:0!important; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d:active , .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What Is Science EssayThe Astronomers Wife is an excellent short story that brings out theoften forgotten point that both the practical people and the ambitious dreamersare important for each others survival. While Mrs. Ames perhaps could neverget along without her husband, it was no fault of her own that she didnt. Sheprovided a comfortable existance for the astronomer so that he would be free todo his work, and the marriage would have been happier if Mr. Ames recognizedall that she had done, and had considered her lifestyle a valid one. Of coursean understanding was never reached, because otherwise the author would not havebeen able to illustrate the similar conflicts tha t exist in todays society sowell.

Tzipi Livni - Speech to the United Nations General Assembly free essay sample

My Hero essays

My Hero essays Using a fictional character, a historical figure, or a contemporary person, talk about "heroes or heroism." When thinking of heroes to write on I the first and number one hero in my life is my father. My dad is the second oldest of five kids, he was raised in a traditional family where my grand father worked and my grand mother stayed home and raised the kids. I attribute his values and standers to way my father was raised. The reason he is my hero is because I want to be just like him. He loves his wife whom he has been married to for the past 35 years; he is very strong in his faith (Mormon) and loves all five of his children. I am the black sheep in the family, I smoke, drink, and have relationships with different women. Despite all of my faults he loves me the same as the rest of my siblings whom are living the standards of our church (which I remain in active in.) Our relationship grows stronger as time goes on and I get older and under stand more of how life works. We do several fix-it projects together; works on is his garden in the summer and the basement in the winter. I now I can go to my father with any problem I have in my life, he will listen and he is always there to help me out in what ever way he can if he is able to do so. When referring to my father in conversations, everyone whom knows him respects him for who he is and the way he treats others. I have never heard my father swear in my life and he has never treated my mother with any disrespect. He raised his children with a stern hand but never lost his calm cool with us kids. My dad was the enforcer in the house, when I had done something wrong and he punished my he would always say  ¡Chad, this hurts me more than it does you. ¡ Only now as an adult do I under stand what that meant and the incredible love my father had for all of us kids. I come from a very close family, all of us siblings have to see or talk to each o ...

Examine the Parties Involved in the Agreement and the Different Types Essay

Examine the Parties Involved in the Agreement and the Different Types of Leases - Essay Example In this regard, this right to occupy and use the property of another person is regarded as lease. With regard to these deliberations, in order for the two parties to have come to a conclusion that the landlord will allow the tenant to occupy the property and for the tenant to accept to occupy the property, the term lease agreement comes in. A lease agreement is the document that forms the basis of the landlord-tenant relationship by protecting all parties but gives final control to the landlord. A lease agreement is the document that outlines the foundation of the landlord-tenant relationship by protecting all parties but gives final control to the landlord. Upon entering into a lease agreement, both the landlord and the tenant must abide by the terms of the form of the tenancy. The lease agreement should clearly stipulate on the rights and duties expected to be fulfilled by the both parties (Sigismond, and Goldman, 495). In this regard, the rights and duties of the parties will be a rticulated upon under each form of tenancy in the succeeding paragraphs. Additionally, there are different termination circumstances and provisions of how each of the tenancies can be terminated. These will also be focused under each form of tenancy. ... uration of the tenancy, although some preparations were made on how payments would be made at certain intervals or after a given specific duration of time. The real estate law stipulates that periodic tenancy involves an arrangement between the occupant and the owner, and that the landlord permits the tenant to occupy a property on a periodical basis (Jennings, 181). Tenancy may be designed on a weekly, monthly or on an annual basis (Battle, 68). Alternatively, though not common and not formal, the landlord and the tenant may agree on another set of period. A tenancy can take place for either residential or commercial properties. Nevertheless, this kind of tenancy arises and most commonly takes place after a formal written lease has expired. Each of the two parties involved in periodic tenancy has rights and duties, which must be adhered to. The landlord is entitled to a right to obtain payment on time. It is also the right of the landlord to expect that his/her property will not be subjected to any form of damage or used for illegal purposes. The land lord is also entitled to receiving compensation or payment for damages that the tenant may have caused during their stay in the property (Miller and Jentz, 647). On the other hand, the tenant has the right to â€Å"quiet enjoyment† during his/her stay in the rented premises. Tenant has also the right to receive a written notice as stipulated by law. It is also the right of the tenant to receive the full amount given as deposit. In addition, the landlord is expected to provide timely repairs to the premises after being informed by the tenant (Jennings, 181). Termination of periodic tenancy normally occurs, when one part offers the other with proper termination notice. It is also argued that the notice needs to be equal to

Sociology - Social Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociology - Social Psychology - Essay Example 1) The basic criticism against functionalism is that there is no place for change in the society and it views it as static. This is not true in the real world where changes are occurring rapidly. Similarly, it does not attempt to explain the causes of certain effects in the society and hence it is of little use where causes identification is necessary. The strength of this theory is that it focuses on unity and it is indeed very necessary for proper functioning of the society. It also talks about cohesion which is fundamental of any society.. 4) The strengths of this theory are that it explains that functioning of the society is a two-way process and is based on social interaction. Since it is based on social interaction, the society works in cohesion and unity. The weakness of this theory is that it ignores macro-level issues focusing only on small things. It also believes that institution exerts pressure on individual's interaction. 5) A theory that states that certain characteristics are attributed or labeled as positive or negative to acts, people or traditions, by people in authority in the society. If education is labeled as something positive then people will try to acquire education so that they are not viewed as deviant. This will result in better jobs and living standard for a person and society will be better off. References: Horton, Paul and Hunt, Chester. (1980). Sociology. McGraw-Hill

My Salvation Experience Essay

As of September of 2011, I will have been a born-again Christian for 41 years. My journey to faith in Christ began with the conversion of my father, Jack Baines, Sr. in 1967. Dr. Melvin Worthington was the pastor of the First Free Will Baptist of Amory, Ms and he invited my father to attend a Revival service in Tupelo, MS where his brother was the guest evangelist. The first night, my dad went to the altar and said he rededicated his life to Christ. However, the second night, he went forward to the altar and said he really had never been born again and that night he accepted Christ as his Lord and Savior. His life was immediately characterized by change and dedication to living for the Lord. As my father began to grow in the Lord, he also began to lead people to Christ and it started with his family. A he taught the Bible to us at home and lead our family to be faithful to attend the church, one by one my sister, brother, and I asked Christ into our lives. I was five years old when I was born-again. I was the typical kid who was not old enough to really experience a life of deep sin or rebellion but was just as lost and in need of salvation as anyone. One day my dad took me to the pastor’s office where I was led to Christ and soon baptized. The change in my life was immediately evident as I was assured that I would go to Heaven when I died and knew that I needed to live according to the teachings of the Bible. One of the major changes was the burden, even as a young boy, that I had for my friends and family who need to accept Christ. I became very diligent at a young age to tell people about Christ, be faithful serving in the local church, and developed a love for good preaching and teaching. I am so thankful even today that someone cared enough for my father and my family that they shared the gospel with him. This began a journey that would impact my life just a few short years later. My relationship has continued to grow and the personal relationship with Christ has helped me face every life situation. I am very thankful that becoming a Christian early in life spared me much heartache that may have come my way had I not been a Christian. I love to help lead children to Christ knowing that an early relationship with Christ will prepare them much earlier to live in this world.

Binary oppositions of Male/Female in Wide Sargasso Sea Essay

The novel Wide Sargasso Sea is basically a contrast as well as shows similarities between main male and female characters of the novel. The Male of England vs. the Female of Caribbean is the focus of this essay. Both the characters play an important role in enhancing the themes, symbols and metaphors of the novel. No doubt, the writer of the novel Rhys has done a great job in explaining different psychological states of both the characters while putting them in different social situations. The first similarity between them is the search for security. In their entire lives they keep on searching for physical and mental securities. Antoinette wants it in the form of a man who can support him in many different ways and Rochester wants security in terms of finance and of the fulfillment of his lust. With security, they are in search of happiness also but the operational definition of happiness to both of them is completely different and which is the main crises of the novel. According to Rochester, happiness is in physical love and wealth while to Antoinette happiness is in being a protected woman. The main desire of Antoinette in the novel is being loved and respected but unfortunately her man is unable to satisfy her in that manner. He never tries to understand his wife and always wants her to follow what he says, regardless of the fact that she is a human being and trusts him to extent. Rochester is in a superiority complex because of his complexion and is under the impression that he’s superior to others because he belongs to England. Not only he himself is in superior complex, he wants to have an upper hand on Antoinette and associates her with inferiority because of her dirty childhood. This is a human nature that everyone likes his/her mother land and so in the case of the novel. The guy of England doesn’t like to live in Caribbean and the girl of Caribbean can’t adopt the culture of England. They not only love their places but also hate to live at each other’s†¦ Rochester feels insecure with the people of Caribbean and not feels comfortable living there. He is the man who has spent his early years in a developed country and can’t adjust to a landscape now. On the other side, Antoinette is under the impression that her man’s dry behavior is due to the fact that he has to live in a totally different environment and she is, to some extent, true as well. One of the very important similarities between both the characters is dependence. She is dependent on him for social and financial management. Being a lady, she has to have a man to secure her in every possible way while he’s dependent on her for sexually satisfying himself. He’s dependent in the context of wealth as well. Antoinette wants to dominant her fear (of childhood) through getting a life partner where Rochester wants a companion to satisfy his sexual desires. She goes through a miserable childhood and this is the cause of her psychological state that comes in the later part of the novel. In the novel, both of the main characters go through some type of mental disorder. Antoinette, being insecure to an extent that locks her in the room while Rochester experiences paranoia and thinks that his lady will leave him in that fearful and insecure place. The novel is tragic, not because it has a sad ending but because both of the characters are unsuccessful in achieving their targets. Not only they lead their lives miserably but they meet an unhappy and tragic end as well. Instead of becoming a lady of her man’s heart, she is supposed to become a slave and on the other hand Rochester is under the impression that his lady doesn’t love him at all and has no interest in living with him. Throughout the novel, both of them keep on expecting from each other but running after their own happiness and desires of lives. We see that they want to lead their lives according to their wishes. She doesn’t want to live in England while he hates Caribbean. We hardly see any element of compromise between them. They are less human in the sense that they give importance to their desires over people. But we have sympathy to both the characters also because this behavior of being selfish is due to the society. Her nature of being loved is due to her dark and unloved childhood while his obsession of money has excuses too. In a sense, both of them want happiness throughout the novel but meet a woeful end! Work Cited Rhys, Jean. , Wide Sargasso Sea

Fast Food Is Becoming More Than Popular - 850 Words

Fast food is becoming more and more popular in the United States every year. There is no doubt that everyone at some point in time has to eat; whether it’s fast food, a snack, or a home cooked meal. The convenience of fast food may seem like the perfect answer when the feeling of hunger strikes. Although fast food is convenient, health should always be a first priority when making a meal choice. America is known as the fattest country in the world. The easy access to food definitely contributes to this statement. Convenience and variety is the key reason the fast food industry is thriving. â€Å"There are 160,000 fast-food restaurants in America. These restaurants serve more than 50 million Americans daily, and they generate sales of $65 billion annually† (Numberof.net). America is big on options and variety and the fast food business is no different. The fast food industry offers many options when it comes to food selection. When eating fast food you can chose from the typical hamburger and fries, chicken (tenders or nuggets), pizza, tacos, and even sub sandwiches. Although there are 160,000 fast food restaurants and counting some of them sale the same kind of food. When business offer the same food/services it generally creates competition. The fast food business is one of the most competitive industries in the United States. Fast food chains often try to make there advertisements and establishments appealing to children. â€Å"In 2012 the fast food industry spent $4.6 billion toShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Popular Culture: A Look at Three Examples Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesPopular culture has an effect on everyone’s life in this world. If we don’t look like the pretty faces our television and movies advertise to us, than our life tends to be more difficult growing up. Our country provides fast food chains that are deleterious to our health, but since corporations made them popular, the average American thinks nothing of it. Even though a lot of American popular culture isn’t the best choice in our lives, Judith Ortiz Cofer, Nora Ephron, and Eric Schlosser use thisRead MoreChildhood Obesity663 Words   |  3 Pagesobesity in America, including fast- food restaurants and their marketing, hereditary obesity, and people reacting to the stereotypes in the media that you must be beautiful to be accepted. A. Supporting Evidence More and more Americans are becoming obese every single day. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“More than half of Americans are overweight, including 1 out of 5 children. Nearly one third are obeseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . (Wooten) Childhood obesity is a serious and common disease that is becoming more and more popular for children to be obeseRead MoreFast Food and Obesity Essay926 Words   |  4 PagesFast Foods Effect on Obesity Now a days, fast food is becoming a cheap and yet a popular way for people who are too busy to cook. But the cheap price of the fast food is nothing in comparison to the true price that these people are paying. Every 4 out of 10 adults in the USA will become obese in the next 5 years if they keep eating this food the way they are. Eating fast food like this is causing major health risks. Since this food is so cheap, it makes it convenient for people to go out and getRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity Essay1238 Words   |  5 PagesThese days eating processed food become most common and have led to the overweight and obesity. Worldwide obesity has increase more than doubled since 1980. McDonald’s serving 46 million people in 118 countries that has 30,000 restaurant (brownell horgen, 2004). Eating junk food has led to obesity and being overweight is not just how you look, the more you become overweight the more risk will increase of developing various health problems. Th ere are many reasons of being obese, their risk in healthRead MoreObesity Is A Serious Public Concern862 Words   |  4 PagesObesity has increased rapidly in the U.S. since the 1970s. At the same time, the number of fast food restaurants more than doubled over the same time period. Exposes such as â€Å"Fast Food Nation† (Schlosser, 2001) and â€Å"Supersize Me† (Spurlock, 2004) highlight the popular perception that these two trends may be related—the availability of fast food may have caused at least some of the increase in obesity. 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The most common causes are genetic factors, lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating patte rns, or a combination of these factors. Only in rare cases is being overweight caused by a medical condition such as a hormonal problem says webmd.com. In the US the food proportions are a lot larger than the proportions in otherRead MoreFast Food Obesity Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the years, fast food is becoming more and more of an outlet for many people that are short on change, in a rush but still need to grab a bite to eat, or even who are just too lazy to cook a meal. Fast food is very cheap, yet when we eat it we don’t necessarily realize the price we pay when we are starting to gain weight. Who is to blame? The person that is addicted to fast food, or the fast food restaurants? I agree fast food is cheap, yet delicious. I understand that it may get addictingRead MoreFast Food Restaurants Affected The Health Of Customers Essay1250 Words   |  5 PagesFast food restaurants raise a number of important issues related to health. In this paper it will be argued that fast food restaurants negatively impact the health of customers. The consumption contributes to obesity, diabetes and heart disease. However, the growing popularity of fast causal restaurants has made healthier options more popular. In the near future fast causal restaurants will either dominant the restaurant industry or the fast food restaurants will become more like fast casual restaurantsRead MoreEssay on Challenging Beliefs in Schlossers Fast Food Nation544 Words   |  3 PagesIn his thought-provoking book, Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser argues that Americas fast food franchises have played a major role in contributing to the obesity and ill health of Americans. This paper shows how Schlosser argues that fast food has contributed to uncontrolled development, negatively impacted American culture, and have had a largely negative impact. The effects of Fast Food Nation on American society and politics show that Schlossers thesis is largely convincing, due to both his

Civilization Of Mesopotamia Civilization - 996 Words

Mesopotamia Civilization Mesopotamia is one of the oldest civilization in the history. Contrary to other unified civilization like Greece or Egypt, Mesopotamia civilization was a collection of different cultures and the scripts bore their bonds. This included their attitudes towards women as well as their gods. The laws, customs and the language of Akkad, for instance did not correspond to that of the Babylonians (Oppenheim, 2013). However, Pantheon of gods, rights of women and importance of literacy were shared in the entire region. depending on the periods and regions, the gods were given different names. Therefore, many empires and civilizations were as a result of Mesopotamia civilization. it is usually regarded as the cradle of†¦show more content†¦The Mesopotamians believed that the land possessed by demons and spirits and that they were co-workers with the gods. According to them, they believed that the beginning of the world was due to the victory of the gods over the forces of nature and t hat also the gods had won, this did not mean that the chaos could not come back again. The citizens of the land were expected to honor the elders and the gods in their day-to-day activities. Work was meant for both men and women of the land. Keeping of livestock and growing of crops were the main occupation in Mesopotamia. Women seemed to enjoy equal rights since they could own land, file for divorce, make contacts in trade and own their own businesses. It is to be noted that the healers and the brewers of wine and beer were initially women. The work that one did was considered as their contribution to the community and to the gods other than being considered as an occupation or a job. A temple was built at the centre of every city. Every community that the city presided over was required to worship the deity. The cities became the first in the world and were built of sub-dried bricks. There stones which could be quarried in the land but the decided to use bricks in their architectural works. There were also plenty of other natural resources such as timber. All their buildings including the pyramids and the temple complexes were built using the sun-dried bricks. Before the construction of anyShow MoreRelatedAncient Civilizations Of Mesopotamia And Mesopotamia1851 Words   |  8 Pages Sumerian (3500-2300BC)Babylonian (1792-1750 BC) both belong to civilizations of Mesopotamia, but they existed different period. The ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia are the source of the earliest surviving art; these civilizations were situated between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. Dating back to 3500 B.C.E., Mesopotamian art was intended to serve as a way to glorify powerful rulers and their connection to divinity. Art was made from natural resources such as stone, shells, alabasterRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Early Civilizations Of Mesopotamia1042 Words   |  5 Pagesshown in the early civilizations of Mesopotamia are still evident in today’s world because without these basic standards set by the people of Mesopotamia, civilization could never have grown or had a reference point for the basic building blocks of society. Mesopotamia was able to grow through the development of technology, trade, stable political and military systems, and a class system that co ntributed to society . Mesopotamia’s way of life influenced many other civilizations such as the ones inRead MoreThe Rise Of Civilizations On Egypt And Mesopotamia1530 Words   |  7 PagesThe rise of civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia occurred around the same time and the environment and natural forces affected the similarities and differences in social, political, and economic stability. There were many similarities and differences between both of these countries as well. In both cases, it was the river valley and geography that affected the agriculture, religious views, and government structures. The Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization developed in the Middle East and wereRead MoreMesopotamia And Its Impact On Ancient Civilization994 Words   |  4 PagesMesopotamia, or â€Å"land between the rivers† as the name translates to in Greek, is exactly as it states; in the region of southwestern Asia, the land itself is named for it s initial position between th e Tigris and Euphrates rivers. However, Mesopotamia can be defined as having a reach into what is now Syria, Turkey and most of Iraq (History of Mesopotamia, 2016). 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The gods, in the eyes of many of the ancient people, were responsible for many things such as crop growth, storms, fertility, and even creation of life. The Mesopotamians, Egyptians, and the Hebrews all had gods that they interacted with. Understanding the likenesses and differences in how these people interacted with their gods might give us an insight to how similar or different the three civilizations wereRead MoreComparing The Nile, Mesopotamia, And Indus Civilizations1475 Words   |  6 PagesComparing the Nile, Mesopotamia, and Indus Civilizations The civilizations of the Nile River valley, the Mesopotamia valley, and Indus Valley marked human progress toward fixed settlements and the development of a rich culture. These civilizations shared many characteristics that contributed to their success. What made these civilizations unique were the contributions that each one gave to the world. They contributed their own ideas and accomplishments in the areas of religion, science, and mathematicsRead MoreMesopotamian Civilization : Mesopotamia The Land Of Rivers3727 Words   |  15 PagesPastimes Mesopotamia—the land of rivers. Encompassed by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the Ancient Mesopotamian civilization spanned thousands of years and has a deep and rich history. As a result, the culture is widely considered to be the cradle or birthplace of Western Society. Although most of the perception of their history is derived from famous texts and literary stories, there is also an equally important aspect of life in examining the everyday artifacts that civilization has left behindRead MoreEssay on Egypt, Mesopotamia and Ancient Greek Civilizations1810 Words   |  8 PagesMichael Jones 10/5/2012 Cabrera Egypt, Mesopotamia and Ancient Greek Civilizations The Ancient Egyptians, Mesopotamia, and Greeks were some of the oldest complex societies, although similar in many aspects. Mesopotamia is located in the Fertile Crescent, land in and between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers usually known as modern day Iraq and Eastern Syria.(24) In Egypt, the Nile River creates a fertile valley which is rich in nutrients and essential to their survival. The Nile flows fromRead MoreReasons Why Mesopotamia Should be Considered a Civilization Essay868 Words   |  4 Pages Mesopotamia- the land between the rivers- was a region of land in the Middle East between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that has been dubbed as the â€Å"cradle of civilization.† But why does Mesopotamia get the title of a civilization? From the invention of the wheel to the invention of writing, Mesopotamia is responsible for many firsts in human history. As people began to settle down permanently, due to a decrease in the need for farmers, people began to spec ialize in occupations. The more

America s Founding Ideas - September Term - 1378 Words

Joanne Geloso America’s Founding Ideas – January Term First Paper Assignment One of the reasons the American Revolution is considered the greatest experiment in liberty and democracy is due in part to the political and philosophical ideology produced as a result of the Enlightenment period. These ideas combined with the geographical location of the colonies, separating them from England by a vast ocean, were felt to have created the ideal opportunity for the colonies to declare their autonomy. While this in fact was true, I believe the road to independence was multi-faceted and along with the political thinking of the time period there were a series of events that led up to the drafting, and ultimately the signing, of the Declaration of Independence. The principles of liberty as well as property had long since been established when the monarchy began to recognize the Magna Carta from centuries prior. Through time, both tacit and explicit customs generated certain societal norms that established feelings such as â€Å"the rights of Englishmen† of which the American colonists felt was part of their heritage (McDonald). As the colonies were ruled by England they thought of themselves as Englishmen, and the concept of liberty in both America and England were similar by virtue of Common Law, recognized by the colonists. Although America was very similar to England, it began to really feel its independence through the unfolding of certain events over time. Prior to theShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln Views on Slavery1608 Words   |  7 PagesLincoln admitted in his speeches that he knew slavery was wrong, but the steps that had to be taken to deal with slavery were never concrete in his mind. Based on Lincoln’s upbringing, political support and knowledge of the nation, he had many different ideas on how to deal with the issue of slavery during his political career. When Lincoln was a young boy, some of his family who lived in Kentucky owned slaves, but his parents were always against becoming slave owners. In the church they belonged to,Read MoreHow Presidents of the United States Overstep their Bounds and Defy the Constitution1642 Words   |  7 Pages1787, are not many, as the constitution elaborated more on the powers of congress than any other branch. However, it did mention some; in Article 2, Section 2 of the Constitution it states that the president can hold executive power for a four-year term and one reelection. Section 2 also states â€Å"the president shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States†¦He shall have Power, by and with the Advice of Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, appoint Ambassadors, other publicRead MoreWho Is Thomas Jefferson?993 Words   |  4 Pagesloving father and grandfather. Thomas Jefferson was also an inventor and one of the most significant men in the history of making A merica who we are today. One of our founding fathers and our third president, Thomas Jefferson was a very well-known man. He was born on April 13th, 1743 in a small town called Shadwell in Virginia. He was born at his father s tobacco plantation on the Rivanna River, which flows through a gap in a small range called the Southwest Mountains. In 1760 when JeffersonRead MoreFrederick Jackson Turner S Frontier Thesis1157 Words   |  5 PagesFrederick Jackson Turner`s Frontier Thesis Frederick Jackson Turner was one of the most important theorists, North American historian, and author of Frontier Thesis. The Frontier Thesis postulated the centrality of expansion of western frontiers in the formation of American nationality and political consolidation of democracy in this nation, leaving a factual political history and introducing an interpretation grounded in economic and social factors. 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Negligence for the Search for Coherence †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theNegligence for the Search for Coherence. Answer: Introduction: In the present case, the claimant will be Ruth, who wants to bring your claiming negligence against Keith. Therefore Keith will be the defendant in this case. Ruth was to bring action in negligence for claiming damages for injuries suffered by her as a result of the negligence of Keith when he had used a piece of leftover untreated chipboard instead of using hardwood for replacing the rotten timber trade on the back stairs of Ruth. In this case, Ruth will be required to establish in court that the actions of Keith fell below the standard of reasonable care that needs to be applied in this case. Therefore the relevant standard of proof will be to establish that Keith was negligent because any reasonable person would have used hardwood for this purpose. Analysis: The present case can be decided on the basis of the principles related with negligence. In this context, negligence can be described as the action of a person, where such person has a duty of care towards the other, and as a result of which, injury or loss has been caused to the other person. At the same time, the provisions of Civil Liability Act can be used for the purpose of designing the negligence of a person and the liability of such a person due to the negligent acts of the person. Therefore when a person sues the other person under negligence, that person was financial compensation for the damage suffered by it. In such a case, the person wants to be put in the same place, where it would have been if the other person would not have committed negligence. In order to decide if a person can be held liable for negligence, there are four questions that need to be satisfied. Therefore, it has to be seen if the defendant was having a duty of care towards the plaintiff; if this duty of care has been released by the defendant; if any injury or loss has been caused to the plaintiff as a result of such breach and if the injury was the direct result of such breach of duty of care. It needs to be noted that all the above-mentioned factors should be satisfied in order to hold the person liable under negligence. On the other hand, if even one of these factors is not satisfied, the plaintiff could not succeed and it cannot be established that the defendant was liable in negligence (Kujinga, 2009). In this context, the duty of care can be described as the legal obligation which requires the defendant to cause harm. The duty arises when it is reasonably foreseeable that harm will be caused to the other person if reasonable care is not exercised. At t he same time, the law requires that sufficient proximity should be present between the two parties for the purpose of the establishment of a duty of care (Deakin, Johnston and Markesinis, 2003). For example, such duty of care is present in case of a relationship between doctor and patient and the relationship that exists between drivers of motor vehicles and other persons present on the road. According to the civil liability, certain qualifications have been imposed on the duty of care. Like good Samaritans and donors of food. The law provides that the persons who are acting in case of an emergency and without any expectation of money or the persons who are providing food for charity are generally exempted from liability, provided they have not acted negligently (Tomasic, Bottomley and McQueen, 2002). When the breach of duty of care takes place: For the purpose of arriving at the conclusion that there has been a breach of duty of care by the defendant, first of all, the court will consider the standard of care that will be applicable. In this regard, for the purpose of deciding the relevant standard of care, it has to be seen what would be done by any reasonable person under in the circumstances were the same. Therefore, when it can be said that the actions of the defendant would not reasonable or, if the actions of the defendant fell below the standard that can be applied under the circumstances, it can be said that the duty of care has increased by such a defendant. In order to claim that there has been a breach of duty of care, it has to be established that the person was aware or should have been aware of the risk (Gardiner and McGlone, 1998). This requirement is also known as the reasonable foreseeability. Another requirement is that the reason should not be insignificant, an d any other reasonable person in the position of the defendant would have taken precautions against causing harm as a result of such risk. The requirement that the risk should not be insignificant is one of the amendments that have been introduced by the Civil Liability Act. As a result of these changes, the bar has been raised. That is required from any other reasonable person before they were required to act (McDonald, 2005). Consequently, while the harm suffered by the claimant should be reasonably foreseeable, it is also required that this should not be insignificant (Hepple, 1997). However in this case, these standards are not clear and therefore the decision has to be made by the court on case-by-case basis. Apart from it, the precautions that can be considered as reasonable by the court will also vary depending on the circumstances of the case. Therefore the consideration that any of the reasonable man would have made while determining if precautions need to be taken against a risk have been mentioned in the statute. The likely seriousness of the harm also needs to be considered as well as the burden involved in taking precautions for avoiding such risk and the potential benefit of activity due to which other persons were exposed to such risk. Reasonable foreseeability: While deciding if the person was aware of, or should have been aware of the risk, the court can apply the principles stated in Donahue v Stevenson (1932). In this case, the remains of a snail were found in a bottle of ginger beer. This case highlights the significance of the foreseeability of injury or loss that has been caused to the plaintiff as a result of the conduct of the defendant or the lack of action. It is required under the civil liability at that. The negligence should be a necessary condition of the harm. Similarly the harm suffered by the claimant should fall within the scope of the liability of the defendant. For this purpose, it is required that the connection should exist between the alleged negligence and the harm that has been suffered by the claimant. However, this is a question of fact. Therefore, a popular articulation of causation provides that "but for the actions of the defendant, the harm suffered by the plaintiff would not have taken place". This is also known as the 'but-for' test. But this test has been re-worded by the Civil Liability Act and it has been mentioned that the cause is a necessary element required for the harm to have taken place. The law asked the question in this regard, if the foreseeability was appropriate to extend the scope of liability of the person who has breached the duty to the harm suffered as a result of it. In this regard, the law takes into account the policy issues that may be present. Therefore it has to be considered if there is any reason to which the defendant should not be held liable. An example in this regard can be given of the case titled Commonwealth v Verwayen [1990] HCA 39, where it was held that the Commonwealth had breached its duty of care. When due to negligence, a ship sank. In this case, although the Commonwealth was held responsible for the accident, but the plaintiff brought action for lung and liver cancer, which was the result of having smoking and drinking by the plaintiff that started after he underwent the accident. Earlier the courts have discussed this issue in context of remoteness and proximity. The other relevant factor in this regard is that of 'an intervening cause'. Under the Civil Liability Act, this issue is considered in context of policy reasons. Hence it is seen if it would be inappropriate to consider one party liable for all the consequences of a particularly event when there are intervening factors present like the own choice of a person. In such a case it is also required that the risk should not be insignificant. In most of the cases, the breach of duty is self-evident. Another requirement has been introduced by the Civil Liability Act according to which the standard that is applicable while discovering a breach of duty is that there is should not be an insignificant risk. However, it is not clear how much a not insignificant risk goes beyond the requirement of reasonable foreseeability. And this question has to be decided on the basis of the facts of each case. Apologies: According to the law, an apology that has been made by a person regarding any matter that has been alleged to be caused by the person does not amount to express or implied admission of liability by such a person regarding that matter. Similarly, the apology is not relevant for the purpose of deciding the liability of the person regarding such a matter. Therefore, in any civil proceedings, the evidence of apology cannot be provided as the evidence of the liability of the person. In this regard, apology can be described as an expression of regret or sympathy or a general sense of benevolence related with any matter, whether or not there is an admission of fault in the apology. Another issue that is present in this case is related with contributory negligence. It can be said that the plaintiff had contributed a negligence when it is found that the injured person has also contributed to the injury or the loss suffered by it. Therefore, when the plaintiff failed to exercise reasonable care regarding their own safety, it can be said that the plaintiff has also contributed in negligence. In such a case, the amount of damages that may be claimed by the plaintiff will be refused in accordance with the extent to which the plaintiff is found to be contributed to the loss. Some of the examples of contributory negligence include a fall or a slip taking place due to the failure of the injured person in keeping a lookout regarding their own safety when it was reasonable for them to do so. Similarly, while involving in a high-risk activity, it can be said that the plaintiff had contributed in negligence. Conclusion: On the basis of the above-mentioned discussion and after going through the principles related with the law of negligence, it can be said that in the present case, Keith was liable in negligence for injuries suffered by Ruth. The reason is that in the present case, Ruth had advertised that he was a qualified carpenter, but in reality he did not have any trade qualifications. The result was that when Ruth asked Keith to replace a rotting timber tread on her stairs, instead of using hardwood, Keith used leftover undulating chipboard. The result was the after many nights of heavy rain, the replaced tread swelled and eventually it collapsed completely during the night. When Ruth was walking down the back stairs, early-morning, she failed to notice that the tread was missing. This was due to the reason that she was carrying many feeding dishes, and cleaning equipment there for her vision was obscured. As a result, she fell on the stairs. In this case, it is the negligence of Ke ith due to which Ruth had suffered these injuries. However, the apology made by Keith cannot be considered as an admission of his fault. Similarly, it can also result in this case that Ruth had also contributed in the injuries suffered by her. On these grounds, it can be concluded in the present case, the Ruth can claim compensation from Keith but the amount of compensation will be reduced, keeping in view, that she had also contributed in negligence. Moreover, Ruth can only be allowed to claim compensation for two months as this was the period that she took to recover. Therefore Ruth cannot claim compensation for 12 months for which she had decided to stay home and do unpaid charity work. References Bob Hepple, (1997) Negligence: The Search for Coherence 50 Current Legal Problems 69 David Gardiner and Frances McGlone, (1998) Outline of Torts (2nd ed,), Butterworths Deakin, S., Johnston A and Markesinis B (2003) Markesinis and Deakin's Tort Law, Oxford University Press Kujinga, Benjamin (2009). "Reasonable Care And Skill The Modern Scope Of The Auditor's Duty". GAA Accounting McDonald, Barbara (2005). "Legislative Intervention in the Law of Negligence: The Common Law, Statutory Interpretation and Tort Reform in Australia". Sydney Law Review. 27 (3) Tomasic, Roman; Bottomley, Stephen; McQueen, Rob (2002) Audits and Auditors, Corporations Law in Australia, Federation Press