European Colonialism and Imperialism in Aphra Behns Oroonoko Essay

European Superiority in Oroonoko   Throughout Aphra Behns Oroonoko, we can see the comparison surrounded by European and African culture occurring in many places. In a majority of the imagery, Behns attitudes can be seen behind the text weighing heavily toward enactment European characteristics as socially more admirable. Oroonokos introduction acquaints us with a person so refined in every way as to be almost god-like. Every feature of this great warrior-prince is shown in detail to be the most beautiful one could hope to behold. The narrator says,...he was adored as the oddity of all that world, and a darling of the soldiers. (1869) He is even said to have,...a native beauty so transcending all those of his gloomy race that he struck an surprise and reverence even in those that knew not his quality... (1870) Clearly, this is the description of a person destined for greatness. Oroonoko, throughout his adventures, lives by these very features. After Oroonoko becomes sold as a slave, for example, he becomes a friend of the narrator and the overseer in the New World thro...

Essays --

A enlighten uniform is an identifying, standardized outfit or style of dress worn specifically for an educational institution, they dictate the schools dress code. Generally, uniforms when used enhances uniformity among the students, irrespective of their financial status, race, and color or musical mode preference it improves the learning environment, and instils discipline reduces security threats and thus enhances safety.Over the years, the educational system has been marred with gang related violence, bullying, safety issues, indecent dressing, and lack of discipline. The slaying of mandatory school uniform policy has a positive result via the reduction in gang problems, enhancement of school security, improved attendance and change magnitude academic achievement. All these positive outcome definitely create a positive influence on the educational process. School uniform prepares the students for school in a much simpler and faster way. Time is not wasted in the morning in choosing and matching what to wear, thus students go forth claim to school on time. This boosts attendance and gives students more time for studying. For example, at a school near Boston a high school senior remarks that for some people it takes hours to get dressed. If we had a uniform it would take three minutes 1. The stress of matching and choosing clothes, very common with female students is eliminated and students arrive in school clear headed and lively for the days educational task ahead in school. Uniforms are cost effective and they save parents several dollars that will be spent on buying casual clothes for their children. They will have to spend less when they have to buy uniform because the quantity of clothes purcha... ...trip or excursion, uniform helps in identifying them as an organized group and this in effect limits the incidence of students straying away or incidence of missing person. In his 1996 posit of the Union Address, former president of the United States, Bill Clinton challenged schools to teach character education, good values and good citizenship. And if it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms. As long as a school uniform policy is in place, students will go to school in an atmosphere devoid of fear and violence. Discipline will be maintained and students will make improvement in their academics a major priority and not bother about being judged about what they wear or their fashion sense.

Morrisons Bluest Eye Essay: The American Way -- Bluest Eye Essays

The Bluest Eye The American Way Ownership, split up structures, and consumerism go hand in hand. Morrison illustrates this throughout the novel and in the characters identities. Many of the characters identify themselves based on material possessions the simple ownership of a car, the use of consumer products, and property ownership. Although African Americans may take these things for granted now, in the early 1900s this would be considered a major accomplishment. There is an apparent contradiction of class status among the characters illustrating how beauty determines social stratification. Morrison places each person in the class hierarchy based on how close they are to the white standard of beauty. The Fishers, the white family Pauline is employed by, are at the top of the class stratification. The single upper middle class family is white and they are the ultimate model of the blonde and blue eyed standard. Rosemary, whom the girls also have a tinge of jealousy for, is on the same class level as Frieda and Claudia, except that her Italian features classify her as white. Rosemarys phenotype is white yet she is also a minority. In the opening night scene of the novel she is sitting in a 1939 Buick eating bread and butter. Claudia and Frieda are characterized as envious We stare at her, wanting her bread, but more(prenominal) than that wanting to poke the arrogance out of her eyes and smash the pride of ownership that curls her chewing mouth. (12) Morrison opens the novel with a feeling of envy, because she is depicting how consumerism and ownership jaw competition. Each character wants to be superior to the others. Rosemary views herself as better than the African American girls because bla... ... Bluest Eye (New York Washington Press, 1970). Susan Willis, I Shop Therefore I Am Is There a Place for Afro-American Culture in Commodity Culture? in Changing Our Own Words Essays on Criticsm, possible action and Writing by Black Women, ed. Charyl A. Wall (New Brunswick Rutgers University Press, 1989) 173-95. Elizabeth House, Artist and the Art of Living Order and Disorder in Toni Morrisons Fiction, Modern Fiction Studies 34(1998)27-44. Bessie W. Jones, An Interiew with Toni Morrison, in The World of Toni Morrision, ed. Bessie Jones and Audrey Vinson (Dubuque, Iowa Kendall Hunt, 1985). Robert Stepto, cozy Things in a Place A Conversation with Toni Morrison, in Chant of Saints A Gathering of Afro-American Literature, Art, and Scholarship, ed. Michael S. Harper and Robert B. Stepto (Urbana University of Illinois Press, 1979).

Tacit Knowing and Education :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Tacit Knowing and EducationHow is still knowing or tacit knowledge utilized in the classroom? This has been my question since discovering the term coined by Michael Polanyi and reading the excerpt of The Tacit Dimension. I have reflected on my controls in a second gear grade classroom and observations of students being able to or not being able to refer to the tacit dimension in the classroom. In rethinking through Polanyis assertion that we can know more than we can tell, I will review ways in which students (children and adults) use intuition and other forms of tacit knowing in the classroom. I will also speak to the evil effects of particular school reforms such as the No Child Left Behind Act, which diminish the students ability to use tacit knowledge in the classroom.What is tacit knowing/knowledge? It is something that is implied or indicated but not actually expressed. It is what we already know by way of previous experience, or, habituation that has become second nature. This is not a far-fetched idea. If we go back to Platos Republic, even he believed that humans have the capability to know the right thing to do because we were born with that randomness already in our minds. A life of study was a way to reflect on this knowledge and use it for the good of all.Children respond to material in the classroom using tacit knowledge. All we learn in some way relies on us connecting it somehow to something we already know. Tacit knowledge requires a synthesis of previous experience into the inner workings of the mind and memory. Certainly, other educational theorists saw the importance of this in the classroom. Some ways children use tacit knowledge is in the different interactions between other children and to adults, crying in the classroom to signify pain, confusion, and anger, etc. John Deweys Experience and Education speaks specifically to this concept. both experience is a moving force. I equate tacit knowing to having previous experiences. Regardl ess of our being conscious of the importance of an event, our mind holds on to that experience and becomes a knowledge that we can utilize in the future. Can tacit knowing be utilized in the classroom? It is my opinion that it is becoming progressively more difficult, particularly in public schools that must adhere to the strict testing of children for the sake of compliance to the No Child Left Behind Act, to hope on previous knowledge to help students learn in the classroom.

Dramatic Devices in An Inspector Calls :: J.B. Priestly

An inspector calls Dramatic DevicesAn Inspector Calls is a play written by J.B hieratical in 1945 however it is set in 1912. An Inspector calls is a thriller set in England. This was a very difficult time for several reasons. In 1912 it was a time where people were just greedy and selfish. Priestly wrote this play because he was concerned that the world that he and others was living in was a place of crime and that people could do better. To tender all these wounds in the world Priestly wrote this to show that in that location is enough time to repair these problems and be as self-luminous as possible for the future. The play makes us question ourselves and what sort of a character we would prefer to be. In 1912 it was a time of inequality. In fact there was a really big gap between the rich and poor, in the time if you were really rich, you were stated as really lucky, but for the poor it was a really different story. They had low wages and had difficulty on surviving on the mon ey they were given. One of the most important themes in An Inspector Calls accountability for other peoples welfare, and that wealthy people have obligations to looking subsequently those less fortunate than themselves. J. B. Priestley uses the inspector to express his views to people. One more of Priestleys reasons for writing this play was to show how people were behaving at the time. He wrote this play to reflect what people were really like and what they thought. The Birling family are rich and they look down on the lower-class as less than human make no difference to society. Mr. Birling believes he just needs to look after for himself, but Priestley doesnt agree with this.All of the characters that are sitting down to dinner are responsible for the death of one girl Eva Smith, but not all of them think about their responsibilities, Birling feels that everyone has to look after themselves. Priestley partly shows what he is trying to say by showing Mr. Birling a imperial man to be in so much error about so many things, such as the unsinkable Titanic ship and the two world wars not going to happen the audience would know that he is wrong. This is a device which Priestley uses called dramatic irony which is essential to the play because its ground on the world wars and the titanic sinking.

Background Essay -- essays papers

BackgroundInformation war is defined as, the offensive and defensive part of training and information systems to deny, exploit, corrupt, or destroy, an adversarys information, information-based processes, information systems, and computer-based networks while protecting ones own. Such actions are designed to achieve advantages over military or business adversaries (Goldberg). Cyber- terrorist act is defined as, the unlawful intake of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civil population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives in the worldwide network of computer and/or computer networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange (Doyle). The two definitions are not formal and are not the exact definitions of every two terms. The reason for this is that there is no exact definition that constitutes information warfare or cyber-terrorism. From these definit ions above, we can conclude that a cyber-terrorist will use information warfare techniques to reach his goal. For example, if the United States understands the system that operates the scud missiles of Iraq, then through Information Warfare (hacking / cracking) they could make the scud missiles useless. This protects the Untied States pilots on attacks of chemic or biological weapons of mass destruction by reducing the chances of the pilots actually being shot down.Information Warfare has been around since the creation of the NSA. The first apparatus that deciphered code was created by United States scientists and was calls the Fish. However, the greatest advancement in our technology came when the United States stole the Enigma machine fr... ...Terrorism Introduction. http//www.survivalguide.com/cyber_terrorism_introduction.htm 2002, October 16.Deutch, J. (25, June 1996). Foreign Information Warfare Programs and Capabilities. 2002, Sept12.Ensor, D. Garrett, M. Smith M., & Willi ams, D. (February 20, 2001). FBI assesses grave damage from latest spy scandal. http//www.cnn.com/2001/US/02/20/fbi.spy.impact/ 2002, October 16.Goldberg, I. (December 2, 2000). Glossary of Information Warfare Terms. http//www.psycom.net/iwar.2.html 2002, October 16.Johnson, D. (2001). Computer Ethics. Prentice Hall, NJ.(November 2001) Cyber Protests Related to the War on Terrorism The Current Threat. http//www.nipc.gov/publications/nipcpub/cyberprotests1101.pdf 2002 September 12.

Technology leading to Obesity Essay

Technology is becoming used excessively every day. Kids dismiss all their meter on their phone or playing video games. With new innovations coming out every week, people want to be the initiative to own the new thing. There should be one hour a day where one has to participate in activities that do not conduct technology to prevent obesity. I believe all the new inventions contribute to the worlds obesity problems. Most people thought obesity was receivable to the advent of super-sized fast food but new research places the blame squarely on a double dose of innovation Adults and kids alike communicate numerous amount of time sitting down to watch television or looking up interesting subjects on the computer. Researchers now suggest that 60 percent of the extra pounds Americans have put on maybe caused by a decline in the physical demands of use brought about by the arrival of computers and the like. All this time spent sitting and not being physically active is harmful to one s health.Since new ideas are made separately day, why hasnt someone invented something that stimulates the mind as well as keeps the body in shape? Both adults and children are leading increasingly sedentary lifestyles thanks to modern technology. Children no long-acting need to go outside to talk to their friends when they can keep up with them through texting or social networks. They do not even need to go outside to play games anymore when they have video games right there at their fingertips. Technology may be convenient, but it moldiness be balanced with physical activity in order to keep both ourselves and our children healthy. In past decades, strenuous jobs meant that workers were in performance paid to exercise. Now workers with more sedentary jobs pay to exercise at the gym. It is this lack of exercise, rather than an increase in calories, that has led to the weight gain, they say, which is no longer music to the ears of the US fast-food companies as they are now facing lawsuits from some litigious fatties.Research has shown that an average 6ft-tall man today weighs 30 pounds more than he did in the early 1900s. Some parents have been relying on technology as electric babysitters including the television and computer. Parents know where their child is if they are watching television or sitting in front of the computer screen. It is the parents duty to incorporate activities that involve exercise if they want to use thesemethods including Wii fit, or Dance Dance Revolution. Kids may likewise get the feeling that it is alright to watch television all day or continuously play on the computer if they see their parent doing likewise. on the nose a few small changes can make the difference between bad habits that are likely to lead to obesity, and good habits that they will carry with them for life.Parents must remember that our children are our future, and as such, they have the responsibility to teach them good habits to carry with them all their li ves. The government should pass a law where a time period each day is not used on technology, or if it is, used in way to where you are exercising. This could give people time to work out or do something productive with their life. Instead of bragging about making it to level 30 on zombies, kids could say they learned the difference from a poisonous plant and an edible plant. People today are becoming too lazy and reliant on technology.

Hospice Care

Hospice- tutorship or frequently known as lenitive care is the provision of symptomatic treatment to those who have reached a goal stage of a disease. It can be provided in a hospital, clinic or even at home. During the second half of the twentieth century, several new technologies had been developed in the field of hospice care to help people with terminal illnesses to die without much suffering. prof Patrick Wall was one of the main doctors who helped to improve the art and science of hospice care.The term total pain was coined in the year 1964, and was mainly utilized to suggest not only physical suffering, but also mental distress, social problems and spiritual concerns. As a response to total pain, hospice care was developed to help the forbearings relief their physical, mental, spiritual and social sufferings. Medical professionals, nurses, social and religious workers, etc, were involved in the process. Initially, the medical and nursing fraternity did not know how to dela y people suffering from terminal illness.To identify their needs many hospitals and organizations conducted surveys. A report published by a UK nursing research organization in 1952, demonstrated the needs of cancer patient ofs who died in their homes. In 1960, the Gulbenkian Foundation conducted extensive research in about 300 homes meant for the dying and interviewed more than 600 doctors. It was found that such(prenominal) homes did not have enough money and staff to handle the number of patients suffering from terminal illnesses.In 1963, Hilton found that most of the sufferings of the elderly patients suffering from cancers and other terminal illness was not relieved (Saunders, 2001). Over the decades after the World War 2, a lot of research and development have occurred in the field of hospice and palliative care. Nowadays, hospice has included other aspects including spiritual and social welfare, along with holistic care. During the period between 1965 and 2005, there have be en significant developments in the field of palliative care for such that it has emerged as a separate branch of medicine.Some of the aspects of hospice care that have been developed include ? Providing holistic treatment that includes spiritual and social care ? Customized patient care including appropriate management of symptoms ? Several healthcare professionals working from several specializations towards helping the patient out improve the quality of life ? Use of trenchant medications in order to control pain ? Improving the quality of life (Meghani, 2004)

Educational orientation Essay

According to the journal for American association for counseling and development (2008) and Zweigenhaff and Domhoff (2003) the African Americans value really much education and are ready to make sacrifices to achieve the education qualifications. Though they have that desire and willingness to have a good education circumstance they are faced with a number of challenges that affect their performance in school.According to Rovai et al (2007) African American students as compared to the other students have glower performance standards and this is raising concern because this area has not been given much consideration to determine what could be the actual reasons behind their low grades. Lincoln et al (1990) and Henderson and Sumler (1999) discusses some of the reasons why these students do not perform well as others as to include difficulties to integrate and accept the various people from different ethnical backgrounds they encounter in school and where they live.The hip hop cultur e is also said to contribute to the low grades because more of this students have indulged themselves in weird lifestyles that cannot cater them to have enough time with their studies. As argued in Cross (2005) and Wayne (2005) most of the African American students come from average family background and when they go to school with the black-and-blue American they are seen by the fellow white students as being inferior which psychologically will affect them in their education as they happen upon that they are discriminated.This creates a gap between them that and limits the trend they will associate with the others and their presence in the school is threatened. The other reasons for their low grade as discussed in smiley (2006) include the poverty that they live in that makes them struggle to meet their basic needs and making them lose enough concentration to the education and even at times dropping out of school to try life elsewhere.The other reasons according to Obiakor (200 2) and Ashe (2002) leading to low academic performance among the African Americans include the way they select the schools that they go to which might have low standards, having different curriculums that may not cover all the necessary topics and choosing areas of study that they are not adequate in and also some of the teaching staff may not be giving them support because they tend to display behavior that show no much concern to their education. How to address the problem.Ogbu (2003) and Wright et al (2001) suggests that the teachers and the schools have a responsibility to encourage and support all the students they have under their care to perform well. He also argues that this will be done by helping the students to change the various negative attitudes they have towards their teachers, other students and the education materials like books. Obiakor et al (2002) suggests that the education environment needs to be made conducive for all the students so that nobody feels threate ned by the other because it will help the students settle in their education.As argued by Allen et al (1998) and Wayne (2005) the parents and guardians are encouraged to give moral support to the students and they should encourage them to develop interest in the religion as it offers psychological support.ReferencesA. P. Rovai, Louis B. Gallien, & Helen R. Stiff (2007) Closing the African American achievement gap in higher education. National association for college admission counseling. Retrievedonline http//www. nacacnet. org/PUBLICATIONSRESOURCES/BOOKREVIEWS Alex B. Henderson, Janice Sumler (1999). Freedoms odyssey Clark Atlanta university press. Allen K, Stelzer, P & Wielkiewicz, M (1998).The ecology of leadership adapting to challenges of a changing world. The journal of leadership. Bertram D. Ashe (2002). From within the frame. Routledge publishers Charles E. Lincoln, Lawrence H. Mamiya (1990). The black church in the African American experience. Duke university press. Cross T . (2005). The persisting racial gap in college student graduation rates. The journal of higher education. Festus E. Obiakor, Bridgie Alexis ford (2002). Creating successful learning environments for African American learners with exceptionalities. Corwin press Faye Z. Belgrave, KevinW. Allison (2005). African American psychology. quick-scented publishers. .J. Hale (2001). Learning while black. JHU publishers. Journal of counseling and development by American association for counseling and development vol 79 2008. Ogbu J (2003). Black American students in an affluent suburb a study of academic disengagement. Lawrence Erlbaum publishers New Jersey. Tavis Smiley (2006) The covenant with black America. Third world press. W. Wayne (2005). African Americans and the color line in Ohio. Ohio university press. R. Zweigenhaft, G. Domhoff (2003). Blacks in the white elite. Rowman and Littlefield. Richard Wright, A. Chapman, Malcolm (2001). Black voices. Signet classic publishers

Green Construction Essay

The Earth has been around for billions of years and people only a couple of millions of years. Yet, people have make such a huge impact on the Earth. In the course of mankinds existence, people managed to make advancements that defined the way life is existence lived today. However, there are prices to pay for all of the comforts that people are now experiencing. It has been said that there is only one Earth and people must(prenominal) do all they can in order to preserve it.Campaigns have been launched to ensure that life on Earth and the Earth itself can be continue so that the future generations can still enjoy it. Even prominent people have taken an active role against human activities that contribute to the degradation of the blue planet. One of the activities said to be closely linked with the environment, thus directly affecting the latter, is construction. According to the Urban Environmental Management website, a bite of natural resources are being consumed when constru ction takes place, i.e. land, water and energy (Srinivas, 2007).This being the case, ensuring that the negative effects of construction on the environment be minimized is of uttermost importance. Focusing on this issue, the UEM website provided key information about the topic. It managed to define what green construction is. It was also able to highlight the importance of sustainable development, which is a image closely related to green construction. The information posted on the website is relatively comprehensive.Navigation is not going to be a problem since the layout of the page specifically relating to green construction is simple and user-friendly. If an internet user is new to the concept of green construction, then visiting UEMs website is going to be a spoiled help in understanding the basics behind the concept. The information on the website ranges from awareness, assessment to action, making the website truly a good find on the internet. reservoir Srinivas, H. (2007). Introduction to Green Construction. Retrieved October 14, 2007, from http//www. gdrc. org/uem/green-const/introduction. html.

Agatha Christie Essay

goal on the Nile, a Hercule Poirot murder mystery, takes place in England for the first part of the narrative and along the Nile River aboard the S.S. KARNAK for the rest of the book. Agatha Christie tells the accounting in the third person narrative.The protagonist and main character is Hercule Poirot, the world-renowned, brilliant Belgian detective who has solved numerous difficult and complex cases. Before his escape to England during WWI, Poirot, a retired Belgian police officer, was a celebrated private detective on the continent. He is not more(prenominal) than five feet four inches nevertheless carries himself with pride and integrity. He has a moustache that is exceptionally stiff and military- same(p). He wears only the finest attire and his neatness is astonishing.Hercule Poirot is a kinetic character because he does change by the end of the story in a small way. I can say that because all detectives at the informant of a crime go in thinking one idea. Next, they exp lore many possibilities for who could have committed the crime and what their motive was. By the end of the story they reach a conclusion that is totally different than what they first judge. That is exactly what Hercule Poirot did, and that is how he changed.In a story the protagonist is developed by either the authors description, what others say, dialogue, thoughts, or actions and reactions. In my book, I learned the most about Hercule Poirot from dialogue. This book for the most part is dialogue. For example, this story consisted chiefly of inquiries, which involved questioning and conversing with many people. When Hercule Poirot asked questions, they were always beyond what the others were thinking and they were always used to answer more than one question. That is how I learned he was in truth intelligent. Also, whenever he spoke to someone about anything, he brought up past experiences, incidents, or just facts that related to that topic. That told me had knowledge about t hings that was above average.Agatha Christies Death on the Nile started off in England. lintwhite Ridgeway a young, beautiful, and rich girl had just bought an estate there, after she had just inherited a great endangerment from her father Melhuish Ridgeway. Shes the girl who has everything and the townspeople say shes got millions. Linnets home is named Wode Hall. It is said that she is going to marry Lord Charles Widlesham but Linnet had mixed feelings.One day, Linnet received a call from her oldest friend Jacqueline De Bellefort who wanted to come visit her. Jacqueline De Bellefort arrived to tell Linnet that she is getting espouse to a man by the name of Simon Doyle. Jacqueline De Bellefort declared she must marry him or she shall die. Jackie also asked Linnet if Simon could take over a job at her residence. Linnet accepted with joy. After Jackie left, Linnet began to think about her man Lord Charles Widlesham. Widlesham was wealthy and owned an enormous Elizabethan mansion n amed Charltonbury. But Linnet did not want to leave Wode Hall and go to Charltonbury, after all Wode Hall was hers Linnet broke it off to go marry Simon Doyle. Their honeymoon was fructify to go to Egypt aboard the S.S. KARNAK along the Nile River. Jacqueline De Bellefort was furious.At the Cataract Hotel in Assuan, everyone who was about to board the ship was present. Linnet Doyle and Simon had arrived. The famous detective Hercule Poirot was present. He was said to be winning a holiday. Next to him was a gentleman by the name of Colonel Race. A man and his mother by the names Tim Allerton and Mrs. Allerton were at hand. Tim was the cousin of Linnets friend Joanna Southwood.Linnet was surprised to see her American trustee, Andrew Pennington in attendance. Also, there was a fairly old woman named Mrs. Marie Van Schuyler and her daughter Cornelia Robson who were taking a holiday as well. Together sat another family, Marie, Rosalie, and Salome Otterbourne. There were three men, Dr. Carl Bessner, James Fanthorp, and Mr. Ferguson who were also due to board the ship. Lastly, the person who was least likely expected to come on this expedition was the enraged Jacqueline De BellefortThe following day everyone was aboard the ship and assigned to their cabins. At around midnight in the saloon Jackie, Simon Doyle and a hardly a(prenominal) others were present. Jackie had been drinking for quite a while and then came to a point of insanity. She started yelling at Simon and he yelled back down. During the argument, she pulled out a pearl-handled pistol and panorama Simon in the leg After that, she dropped it and kicked it under a settee and began to cry. Dr. Bessner attended to Simon and brought him to his cabin while a girl by the name of Miss Bowers took Jackie to her cabin. When the others went back to retrieve the pistol from under the settee, it was goneThe next morning, Linnet Doyle was found lying in her bed, dead She was shot in the head. Also, her expensive p air of pearls was scatty from her cabin. The case had just become more complex. Now, Hercule Poirot and Colonel Race came into the picture. They were the ones who were going to solve the case. After inquiries and inquiries with different people on the ship they wrote down all their observations. It looked like this

Managerial Skills Essay

In order for coachs to be telling, they must come a clear understanding of whether incompatible skills be authorized in their film directorial role. In addition, managers must have a mutual understanding of the skills and responsibilities necessary for former(a) managers across homogeneous and divergent organizational takes and functions (10 Kraut et al. , 1989). If these skills and responsibilities ar non clearly understood, managers allow neither be able to coordinate run for effectively, communicate expectations, deliver feedback, nor be prep atomic number 18d for short letter transitions or early(a) study and career festering activities (10 Kraut et al. , 1989). In short, understanding whether certain managerial skills are primary(prenominal) to a managers barter is essential. A number of researchers have investigated the roles, tasks, or activities of managers (e.g. 18 Mintzberg, 1973 13 Luthans, 1988 10 Kraut et al. , 1989). stock-still, these studies are over a go old, whatsoever to a greater extent than than two or three decades, and have not specifically examined skills. The creation of change by reversal has changed since these studies, close to notably callable to organizational downsizing, technology, and the globalization of the black marketplace. Skills historic to managers in the late 1980s and early 1990s whitethorn not be as grave like a shot. As ages change, researchers should update valuable findings to determine if those findings are still applicable (4 Cronbach, 1975), especially when considering that the skills and roles of managers learn to be clearly defined and understood to effectively teach, select, develop, and promote these individuals in the workplace.Based on results of a study of more than 14,000 managers over two distinct meter full stops, this paper will highlight whether the brilliance of certain managerial skills changed over a 15-year snip period, and determine which skills are extremityed at opposite organizational levels and across organizational functions from the opinions of managers themselves. Our main research question is, to what extent has the magnificence of certain managerial skills changed, or remained constant, over time, and whether certain skills are essential base on organizational level and function.Studies of managers18 Mintzberg (1973) provided maven of the closely influential works on managerial roles. Prior to his research, the roles of managers were understood to be embedded in a rigid functional approach of planning jobs, organizing staff, and leading personnel (20 Pearson and Chatterjee, 2003). However, Mintzberg observed that managers worked at a much faster pace during which they were pick upd to address a range of issues. The job of the manager required an ability to handle more complex roles than those described by classical caution theory. Using a descriptive diary method to observe managers at work, Mintzberg identifie d ten roles of managerial work, which were divided into three categories interpersonal roles, informational roles, and decisional roles.Expanding on 18 Mintzbergs (1973) work, 10 Kraut et al. (1989) investigated the differences between managerial levels in the perception of role importance. They identified seven major factors of management tasks including managing individual performance instructing subordinates planning and allocating resources coordinating interdependent groups managing group performance monitoring the problem environment and portraying ones staff. Their findings also revealed distinct differences in role importance based on the level of the manager. For instance, stolon-level managers reported that managing individual performance and instructing subordinates were the most eventful set of activities in their job.However, as managers moved up the management hierarchy to the level of middle manager, the importance of these activities dropped and more focalisatio n was placed on tasks related to linking groups. The act of linking groups included planning and resource allocation, managing group performance, and coordinating interdependent groups. Executive managers took an even broader view of their job as evidenced by their high importance ratings related to monitoring the environment including business, economic, and social trends. The completely commonality among the disparate managerial levels was the importance they placed on representing their staff over 50 per pennyime of managers at each level rated representing staff of utmost or considerable importance. 13 Luthans (1988) research also examined differences between top and middle managers.However the focus was more on the distinction between the activities of an effective manager versus a successful manager. Effective managers were identified by a high level of performance in the unit they are responsible for, whereas successful managers were recognized by their rapid promotions wi thin an organization. The activities that characterize effective managers included spending time on communication and human resource management, which potentiometer lead to long-term results. In contrast, successful managers spent more time on networking and aimed for short-term results. In addition to differences between levels, 10 Kraut et al. (1989) also compared managerial activities across the different organizational functions of marketing, manufacturing, and administration.For example, a greater perpennyage of marketing managers rated monitoring the immaterial environment more important when compared to other managers. Alternately, fewer marketing managers rated instructing subordinates as important when compared to managers in manufacturing and administration. Managers from all three organizational functions indicated that activities involving coordinating interdependent groups were important. The present study will attempt to expand on similar research such as those previ ously mentioned. First, this research examines managerial skills, which are much different than managerial roles, activities, or tasks.While past research has determined what roles or activities are important for managers and what tasks managers tend to spend much of their time on, this research attempts to determine what skills are important for managerial jobs. Second, this research will use opinions from practicing managers totaling more than 14,000 from two distinct time periods (1988-1992, and 2004-2006) to capture what skills have been important in the past, and determine whether those skills have changed in importance over time. In addition, this research will examine whether managerial skills are important across different organizational levels and organizational functions in the stage setting of todays work environment.The changing world of workThe aforementioned research regarding the importance of managerial tasks, roles, and activities was conducted in the 1970s and 198 0s. There is reason to remember that skills once deemed important for managers may have adjusted in relative importance since much has changed in the world of work since these studies. One can apply that the changes in the world of work may coincide with possible changes in the importance of different managerial skills. brass sections have endure flatter and less gradable with fewer levels and more responsibilities (2 Allen et al. , 2001 16 McKinley et al. , 2000 17 Miller, 1990). Also, organizational downsizing is commonplace due to the increasing need to reduce costs, to eliminate unnecessary levels of management, and to streamline operations (5 DeMeuse et al. , 2004). As organizations become less hierarchical, there is reason to believe that the skills managers estimate were important in the past may have changed in scope.Organizations also exist in a different environmental context than 15 years ago. Due to improved technology such as e-mail and the internet, changes have occurred in the way managers and co-workers interact. We have seen the emergence of the Internet as a major form of communication and e-commerce as a new source of business. Flexible work patterns and the ability to work in geographically dispersed team ups is now a common reality in the workplace (27 Wallace, 2004). These changes have cultivated the need for better communication, coordination, improved performance, team monitoring, and more interdependence and trust (22, 21 Salas et al. , 2004, 2005 28 Zaccaro et al. , 2004).Teams and organizations are increasingly becoming more global or realistic in nature. As a result, an awareness of different cultures and attention to multiculturalism and globalization is vital for the success of m either managers. As organizations become more fast-paced and global, there is also speculation that the importance of different skills managers need may have shifted in scope. 7 Kanter (1989) argued that these rapid changes, spurred by technology and competitive pressures, have made traditional forms of organizing work obsolete.Managers may believe certain skills are important in order to be a partner with and em role employees to address business problems on their own and to work in cross-functional teams, which could be different than the skills believed to be important 15 years ago. Managers must fully understand their roles and responsibilities and become adept at a variety of skills to perform their job effectively (1 Ahearn et al. , 2004 6 Halbesleben et al. , 2003 25 Stockdale and Crosby, 2004 27 Wallace, 2004 28 Zaccaro et al. , 2004). As previously mentioned, understanding the skills of managers is essential to coordinate work effectively, communicate expectations, deliver feedback, and for planning and career increase (10 Kraut et al. , 1989).It is unknown whether the changes over the past 15 years that have occurred in an organizational and global context have also coincided with possible changes in importance o f managerial skills over time. A youthful case study reexamined 18 Mintzbergs (1973) work 30 years after the original research by studying the pattern of behavior among quartette executives in Sweden (26 Tengblad, 2006). The findings revealed that modern executives are more oriented towards working with subordinates in group-settings and focus more time on giving information rather than performing administrative duties. However, Tengblad noted significant similarities with Mintzbergs original study, indicating that claims of the emergence of radically different managerial work may be exaggerated.However, due to the small attempt coat and lack of empirical selective information in that study, it is important that further work specifically examine the modern skills of managers with a wide range of managers and ample sample size. In other words, are the skills supposition to be important to managers 15 years ago still important to managers in todays work context? The present resear ch will attempt to answer this question and provide relevant present-day information for managers and those who work with, train and develop them, by re-examining the importance of managerial skills across two distinct time periods and across both(prenominal) organizational level and function in the context of todays work environment.MethodParticipantsThis research used data from two waves of managers engaged in a leadership development program from a leadership development provider in order to compare differences in managerial skills over time. The first wave consisted of 7,389 managers from the USA involved in a leadership development process between 1988 and 1992. The second wave consisted of 7,410 managers from the USA who were involved in a leadership development process between 2004 and 2006. Because of data hovictimization and management issues, demographic data could not be accustomed for the first wave of participants. However, aggregate biographical data from the leaders hip development provider from the time period of 1988 to 1992 revealed that leadership development participants in general were similar in terms of age, gender, race, education, and job status to those of 2004 to 2006.Demographic data in aggregate could be given for the 7,410 participants of the second wave. The average age of the managers in the second wave was 41.73 years old, 59 per cent were male, 86 per cent were white, 69 per cent worked in the hole-and-corner(a) sector and 77 per cent had a minimum of a bachelors degree. Managers came from over 60 organizational types (e.g. aerospace and defense, finance, communications, government, education) and over 1,300 companies.In addition, 999 managers (13.5 per cent) were first-level managers (forepersons, crew chiefs, voice supervisors), 3,136 (42.3 per cent) were middle-level managers (office managers, professional staff, mid-level administrators), 2,197 (29.6 per cent) were upper-middle managers (department executives, plant ma nagers, senior professional staff), and 1,078 (14.6 per cent) were top or executive level managers (chief executives or operating officers, presidents, vice presidents, directors).MeasureManagerial skills . entropy determining the importance of managerial skills was collected from SKILLSCOPE1 a 360-degree instrument that assesses job related strengths and weaknesses. The instrument has 98 items that are organized into 15 skill clusters. These clusters represent 15 skills and roles managers need in order to be effective in their job which are part of Mintzbergs three categories (interpersonal, informational, and decisional) and two other categories (personal resources and effective use of self).The conceptual basis for SKILLSCOPE is research which focused on managerial skills, roles and tasks (e.g. 3 Beggs and Doolittle, 1988 8 Kaplan, 1987 9 Kotter, 1982 14 McCall and Kaplan, 1984 15 McCall et al. , 1979 18, 19 Mintzberg, 1973, 1990 23 Sayles, 1979 24 Stewart, 1976). As part of the ir leadership development process, managers chose which five of the 15 skill clusters were the most important for their current job. Table I calculate omitted. See Article Image. describes each skill cluster.ResultsA frequency count of the data revealed the skills that are most important for managers in their current job. Result show that both communicating information, ideas (60.1 per cent of the managers in 1988-1992 and 63 per cent of the managers in 2004-2006) and winning actions, making decisions, following finished (59.7 per cent of the managers in 1988-1992 and 62.9 per cent of the managers in 2004-2006) were the most important skills across all managers. On the other hand, Self-management, self-insight, self-development and Openness to influence tractability were the least important for managers in 1988 through 1992 (8.6 per cent and 8.8 per cent respectively as one of the most important skills needed) and managers in 2004 through 2006 (10.9 per cent and 7.2 per cent sel ected respectively as one of the most important skills needed).Table II Figure omitted. See Article Image. shows a comparison between managers from 1988-1992 and managers from 2004-2006. Mevery of the skills were similar in importance for both waves of managers. However, there were three skill clusters with differences of more than 10 percentage points that should be noted. First, 39.9 per cent of 2004-2006 managers rated Relationships as one of five important skill clusters which was an increase from 29.4 per cent of managers in 1988-1992. Second, 33 per cent of 2004-2006 managers rated Administrative/organizational ability as one of five important skill clusters, a decrease from the 45 per cent of managers was from 1988-1992.Finally, 31.7 per cent of managers from 2004-2006 rated Time management as one of five important skill clusters which was an increase from the 19.7 per cent of managers in 1988-1992. The next set of analyses focused only on the 2004-2006 managers. Examining th e results as a whole may mask important findings based on managerial levels. Consequently, we analyzed the importance of managerial skills across the four managerial levels for the present study, similar to 10 Kraut et al. (1989). Figure 1 Figure omitted. See Article Image. displays the importance rankings for each skill sorted by managerial level.Communicating information, ideas and Taking action, making decisions, following through were the two most important skills for all managerial levels with the exception of first-level managers. While Taking action, making decisions, following through graded as the most important for first-level managers, familiarity of job, business ranked as second-most important, followed by Communicating information, ideas. On the other hand, Openness to influence, flexibility was the least important to managers at each level, again with the exception of first-level managers who believed Risk-taking, aim was the least important, followed by Openness t o influence, flexibility.In general, the importance rankings were similar across managerial levels, though there are slightly notable exceptions. First, Getting information, making sense of it problem identification was less important for top/executive-level managers (48 per cent) than for other managerial levels (each over 55 per cent). Second, as managerial level increased, so did the importance of Influencing, leadership, and power, (from 21 per cent of first-level managers to 45 per cent of top/executive level managers), and of Risk-taking, innovation (from 7 per cent of first-level managers to 22 per cent of top/executive level managers).Last, as managerial level increased, the importance of two managerial skills decreased, namely Knowledge of job, business (from 63 per cent of first-level managers to 45 per cent of top/executive-level managers) and Time management (from 42 per cent of first-level managers to 19 per cent of top/executive-level managers). In addition, wake the results from all managers in aggregate may also conceal important findings based specifically on job function, as managers in different functions may have different managerial challenges (10 Kraut et al. , 1989). In order to account for this, the present study mirrored the data analysis of the 10 Kraut et al. (1989) study in that the levels of management were evenly weighted in each function so that no one managerial level would have statistical influence over the other managerial levels, and managers from marketing (n =282), manufacturing (n =253), and administration (n =489) would be selected.Due to the functional diversity of the sample of the second wave, managers from image (n =413), human resources/training (n =345), operations (n =916) and sales (n =518) were also examined. Figure 2 Figure omitted. See Article Image. provides the rankings for the skills of managers across job function. It is interesting to note that the pattern of skill importance is similar across functi ons. For instance, Communicating information, ideas was most important for marketing, human resource, and sales managers, while Taking action, making decisions, following through was the most important managerial skill for manufacturing, administration, engineering, and operations. In fact, across the seven managerial functions studied, these two managerial skills were among the top three in importance for each managerial function.On the other hand, Openness to influence flexibility was the least important to managers across all functions except for managers in human resources, who believed Energy, drive, and ambition was the least important. Some managerial skills were rated similarly in importance across managerial functions. For instance, between 22 per cent and 27 per cent of managers across different functions believed Coping with pressure, adversity integrity was important. Also, between 8 per cent and 13 per cent of managers thought Self-management, self-insight, self-develop ment was an important skill to have.There was variability among the importance of some skills across managerial function. For example, Administrative/organizational ability was important for less than 25 per cent of managers in marketing, manufacturing, and sales, but was important for 58 per cent of managers in administration. Getting information, making sense of it problem identification was less important for sales managers (39 per cent) than it was for engineering managers (65 per cent).Regarding Managing conflict negotiation it is interesting to note that most managers rated it the same in importance (between 27 per cent and 31 per cent) except managers from marketing, where only 17 per cent of managers thought it was important. Managers in manufacturing (25 per cent) and engineering (26 per cent) ranked Relationships less important than human resources (51 per cent) and sales (52 per cent) managers. Selecting, developing, accepting people was important to some managers in manu facturing and sales (both 35 per cent), but was not as important to marketing managers (12 per cent).DiscussionIn total, 30 years after 18 Mintzbergs (1973) original study, 26 Tengblad (2006) found that while some things have changed, managerial work has remained the same, despite changes in the world of work. In a similar fashion, the present research attempted to determine whether the importance of skills managers need in their job have shifted over a 15-year time period. Though many have commented on how the world of work has changed over the past 15 years (e.g. 2 Allen et al. , 2001 5 DeMeuse et al. , 2004 7 Kanter, 1989 16 McKinley et al. , 2000 17 Miller, 1990 22, 21 Salas et al. , 2004, 2005 27 Wallace, 2004 28 Zaccaro et al. , 2004), the data of the present research suggests that despite the changes in the work environment, the importance of certain managerial skills is somewhat similar.For instance, what was believed to be important in 1988-1992 (i.e. Communicating informa tion, ideas and Taking action, making decisions, following through) is still considered important for managers today. In addition, skills that were not thought of as important in 1988-1992 (i.e. Self-management, self-insight, self-development and Openness to influence flexibility) are still not thought of as important for managers in todays work context. Despite these apparent similarities, there are some noteworthy differences between what managers thought was important 15 years ago and what managers infer is important today.First, Relationships seem to be more important now than for managers 15 years ago. 26 Tengblad (2006) hinted at this with the finding that executives are concentrating more today (than 30 years ago) on working with others in a group setting. The increased importance of this skill cluster coincided with the changes in the organizational context that managers today must face. The use of communication technology, such as e-mail, and the existence of geographicall y dispersed teams require managers to be more deliberate in the effort they devote towards forming and maintaining relationships. The nonverbal cues that aid in face-to-face communication cannot be relied on in virtual relationships. By acknowledging and facing the challenges presented by these new forms of communication, managers can successfully execute their job requirements.In addition, the flattening of organizational hierarchies has forced a higher level of coordination and collaborationism between peers. As more and more people work in an environment structured around the work team, the more likely a focus on building relationships will be encouraged. For instance, more time is devoted to interdependence and trust in a team setting (22, 21 Salas et al. , 2004, 2005 28 Zaccaro et al. , 2004), where ultimately, building relationships is necessary. 26 Tengblad (2006) found that executives are indeed focusing less time on administrative duties, and 7 Kanter (1989) also revealed that organizing work was becoming obsolete with changes in the environment. In a similar fashion, the present study found that Administrative/organizational ability seems to be less important today than it was 15 years ago.One of the reasons could correspond with the recent trend of the flattening of organizations. Organizations have become more streamlined, and responsibility has become more spread out in the organization. In effect, managers do not have a hierarchical structure to manage. The administrative tasks that were needed in more hierarchical structures 15 years ago are not needed as much in the present work context. The advent of technology has also facilitated many organizational processes that were once paper-based. More and more companies have converted to computer-based processes (i.e. online recruiting and staffing) that have minimise the necessity to focus ones skill on administrative or organizational duties.Time management appears more important now than it was 15 years ago. The reasons why could coincide with changes in the work context. Technology now enables people from around the world to work in real-time, to contact people instantly, and work more quickly. E-mail has replaced mail and fax. The use of cell phones and electronic devices such as blackberries has also increased. At the same time, employees are focusing on creating parallelism between their professional lives and their personal lives, attempting to get work out of the way faster. Employees and their managers therefore must focus on time management now more than ever.The differences in importance rankings of managerial skills we observed between managers at different organizational levels confirm previous findings in the literature. 10 Kraut et al. (1989) found that some managerial roles are considered important at each level, but the degree of importance may be contingent on a particular level. In the present study, Influencing, leadership, and power and Risk-taking and innovation showed an increase in importance ranking as managerial level increased. Both of these skills are indicative of senior levels of leadership. As a manager takes on more responsibility, it is critical to the managers success that the managers focus shifts to meet the new demands of the job.Also important to note, some managerial skills differ in importance depending on managerial function and relevance. For instance, Administrative/organizational ability is more important to managers in administration than it is for any of the other functions because administrative ability is inherent in the administrative function. Getting information, making sense of it problem identification is more important for engineering managers than it is for any of the other functions because working with information and problem identification is particularly relevant for engineers.Communicating information and ideas and Risk-taking, innovation are more important for managers in marketing than any of the other functions because those with a marketing background must be able to communicate and be innovative. Finally, Relationships is more important for managers in sales and HR than any of the other functions because sales and HR functions are dependent on forming and building good relationships. In effect, some skills are important to different managerial functions because of relevance of the specific organizational function.Practical applicationsDetermining what is important for managers at each level and each function is crucial to coordinating work effectively, communicating expectations, and facilitating training and career development activities (10 Kraut et al. , 1989). Relying on past (or overage) information about the importance of certain managerial skills, roles, tasks, or activities could hinder effective work coordination, communication, and effective training and career development. Hence, updating this type of information may help managers in their work and dev elopment, even if it is to simply validate or reinforce previous findings. opine the challenges managers face if relevant information about the importance of certain skills in their jobs were not correct or outdated.If information from previous research from the 1970s or 1980s is still used for coordinating work activities and it has not been updated, managers may be concentrating on different or unnecessary skills that are no extended relevant. This could greatly impede their work, their advancement, and ultimately, their success. Moreover, managers may not be taught the appropriate skills for the present-day work environment that is needed to succeed if training and development relies on outdated information. For instance, 11 Lipshitz and Nevo (1992) detailed research of the competencies of effective and ineffective managers whose activities and practices aided the design of training and development programs.Knowing which managerial skills are important for different managerial levels and functions would definitely bring knowledge to improve training and development programs. Because of their rated importance, the data suggests that managerial training and development in todays world of work may need to keep focus on communication and decision-making, decrease focus on administration and organization ability, and increase focus on enhancing relationships and the concept of time management. In addition, these findings may help those in selection and in succession planning knowing that certain skills are important at different levels and functions can help determine what type of manager is needed at each level or each function.For instance, time management may be a skill set that is necessary particularly for first-level managers and not top-level executives, and hence, first level managers should have that appropriate skill for the job. Administrative/organizational ability may be important for managers in the administration function, and those in successi on planning or selection for managers in that particular function should keep in mind that information, on with relevant information from any job analysis or competency model.Limitations and future directionsThere are some limitations to this study. First, asking managers to choose five of 15 skill clusters that are important to their current job does not provide the level of detail that could be obtained by evaluating the importance of each cluster using other methodologies. In the present study, a skill cluster is either among a managers top five most important or it is not. Therefore, the data does not permit an assessment of how much more important the top five skill clusters were than the ten skill clusters not selected. In addition, the data did not allow us to assess any relative ranking among the top five skills. As a result, it would be useful to assess the importance of clusters, competencies, roles, skills, or abilities using a Likert-type scale in the future.In this man ner, researchers could examine to what extent each cluster is important to managers. Also, examining what managers believe are the most important skills for their job may not yield the same findings as asking what their direct reports or supervisors consider important. Future research should investigate what direct reports and supervisors of managers think are important skills for managers to acquire a more global perspective of managerial competencies, similar to those acquired through competency modeling (e.g. 12 Lucia and Lepsinger, 1999). Also, asking similar questions to managers outside the United States would bring more information about the importance of managerial skills across cultures.Combining the quantitative approach of evaluating to what extent a variety of skills are important for managers along with more qualitative methodologies of on-the-job observation and interviewing to assess competencies should create a more comprehensive picture of todays manager. Finally, a ny future research should capture the demographic data for the sample across successive waves. Without knowing more about the sample composition for the first wave of data, it is not possible to ascertain whether changes over time are due to differences in organizational structure or function, differences in individual jobs correspond by the sample, or differences in workforce composition. Therefore, explanations of changes cited in our findings may be due to structure changes and changes in technology or they may be due to changes in workforce demographics (i.e. aging baby-boomers).The best this research can conclude is that shifts in the importance of certain managerial skills have coincided with changes in the context of the world of work. However, with the present research data set, having a large sample of more than 7,000 managers with similar aggregate demographic data for each time period may tend to lead to more generalizable results than would a sample of a lesser number o f participants. The world of work has changed over the past 15 years. Results of this study revealed that managers today feel the need to concentrate more on building relationships and time management skills and focus less on administrative and organizational ability.However, many of the skills managers thought were important to their job in the late 1980s and early 1990s are somewhat similar in importance from the opinions of managers in the first decade of the 2000s, particularly skills concerning communication and decision making. To answer the original research question, much like 26 Tengblad (2006) found, despite noticeable changes in the world of work, while some managerial skills shifted in importance, some managerial skills remain as important today as 15 years ago.The importance of these managerial skills not only coincided with the changes in the work environment, but also are context dependent based on managerial level and function. For instance, though time management ha s increased in importance over the years, managers at lower levels (i.e. first-level managers) seem to believe time management is more important to their job than those at higher levels (i.e. top- or executive-level managers).In essence, one should take note not only of how the importance of certain skills change over time, but also, that certain skills believed to be important for managers at one particular level or function may be more or less important for managers at other levels or other functions. 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Justification of Human Violence Through Fight Club Essay

Throughout the history of the Human Race, ferocity and destruction is a reoccurring theme. In modern baseball alliance we view ourselves as socially and economi hollery evolved state when comparing ourselves to our ancestors, who were barbaric and uncivilized in comparison. How ever so, our ball friendship has non evolved very far from this. There remains an instinct and desire for chaos and destruction in clements. I will non formulate this appevasivenesss to all population, sound it abidenot be agued that the Human species is the single roughly destructive creature on the p passt Earth.We conduct created war amongst each some otherwise, creating weapons and advancing our sciences for the sake of determination new and break-dance agencys of killing each other. The violence is not only contained in war, fillet of solely in our entertain handst as nearly. Romans used to watch gladiators kill each other in the coliseum, and we today watch action scenes of men bl owing each other up with zeps and dynamite. Video games themselves allow you to kill and maim people, except why would roughone want to play a game where you kill someone? wherefore does a lashing and gory movie become so popular?What is it astir(predicate) aggression, destruction, and violence that attracts people? Sigmund Freud developed many theories and ideas about the human mind and explores society and its effects on people. This, as well as the movie and harbour difference of opinion golf club, will help to recrudesce insight into the minds of violent people and will give reasoning to their destructiveness. The majority of the world is made up of people who hold back an sway for violence and corruption, even if they beginnert consider themselves to be, and the platter Fight Club gives examples of this.Fight Club is a book that was first written by Chuck Palahniuk in 1996 and was later transitioned into a film in 1999 starring Edward Norton and Brad Pitt. In this story, the narrator, who is never named in neither the film nor the book, but has been referred to as jack, is an office worker who lost his view on life and has one bad social function happen to him after another. He has insomnia, his condo was blown up by a gas leak, and he is overwhelmed by work, finding himself-importance in different places after he falls asleep.To cure his insomnia, he goes to malignant neoplastic disease meetings and other such help group. It is her where he is allowed to cry and have everyone around him assume the worst. This helps him to sleep until his lie is reflected by a woman who starts to do the same affair. Her name is Marla and keeps trap from being able to cry. They fit out to different days so that he stinkpot be alone and they ironically become coating by the end of the book, due to the fact that Jack is constantly bitter towards her firearm she is at the self help meetings.He eventually meets a character named Tyler Durden on a business t rip and finds himself existing with him. Tyler is much more outgoing and adventurous than Jack, and soon becomes his mentor and teacher. After one night of some drinks, Tyler starts a skin with Jack for fun. They continue to do this every few nights and eventually gather a crowd of other men that want to fight as well. They then create fight club, a weekly gathering where two men atomic number 18 place together to brawl against each other in a circle of shouting man.Tyler leads this whole thing, with Jack at his side, but Fight Club grows more and more into a cult, and Tyler creates his own individualised army which he call project mayhem, which has the sole purpose of bringing chaos and madness on the buttoned down society that shunned them away and guide them to believe that they could be something theyre not. What Tyler tries to teach Jack throughout the story is that he needs to crash bottom substance that he must detach himself from everything in his life.He says It is only when we have nought that we are free to do anything. With nothing to lose, no one can threaten you and you can do some(prenominal) you want. Tyler wanted to teach the world this and planned on using his followers to accomplish this. His large-mouthed plan was to destroy all the major impute card company buildings and their records, putting everyones credit to zero. What Jack eventually finds out is that Tyler is his own split mortalality. Tyler is an extension of Jack, and only he give aways him, but whatever Tyler has ever said to anyone or get intoe, it was really Jack. Fight Club helps to evaluate the reasoning and deduction of violence and the need for chaos.Tyler tells his followers that they have been promises by industry that they could become movie gods and rock stars, but theyre not, and were slowly learning that fact, and we are very, very pissed off. Fight Club was created because of the first night with Jack and Tyler, and Tyler says How much can you know about yourself if youve never been in a fight. I fatiguet want to die without any scares. This means to say that a man is considered to show his lawful worth and self in a fight. It can show that he is either brave or a coward, or strong or weak.Most people cannot say that theyve actually been in a fight before, but there is much to be learned about ones self if they are ever to encounter one. However, there are some that have actually started real fight clubs and follow the teachings of the pretended character of Tyler Durden. There do exist real fight clubs. USA Today wrote an online news member about software engineers near the board of 30 to 40, who hold fight clubs in a garage every two weeks. This is inspired by the movie, and these people that fight do it to exert their fire and frustration into something physical.They meet up and have full fledged fights with each other, two at a judgment of conviction and sometimes with weapons to. They took the movie and book quit e literally, and many parallels can be breakn. The article quotes one of the men who say I have fantasies about it compared to the movie where the narrator says You arent alive anywhere same(p) youre alive at fight club. Another man says You get to be a superhero for a night. We have to go to work every day.Were constantly told to buy things we dont need, and just for a couple hours we have the freedom to do what we want to do. This is near to what Tyler Durden teaches about losing touch with personal possessions and going back to the hunter gatherer sense and also being able to do what you want. These practiced engineers joined a fight club and enjoy it. They say they feel powerful and macho. It can therefore be dismissed that only unintelligent people would have the sense to be in a fight, sightedness as we have software engineers doing it. There are other fight club that are started by teens, but they are unfortunate in the fact that sometimes a person is unwilling to fight and is beaten by his attacker.These teenagers get caught and arrested after they make DVDs of the fight to sell online. This is the ignorant side of fighting. The tech engineers only fight with each other and organize it together, but these teenagers choose to turn it into an act of bullying by prying on the weak and taking favor of them. It is dishonourable and untrue to the true nature and message of Fight Club. Many people can see the reasoning behind these fighting engineers, but others only see the teenager side of fight club and see it as grotesque, violent, and meaningless.The main idea though, is to put more meaning to your life than that new T. V you want, or the sofa you saw in an Ikea magazine that you think matches your curtains. There is a quote that depicts the meaning Tylers lesson very well. Its from a kid named Lester in a book called The Brimstone Journals. He is talking about his mother working days and his dad working nights, utter All so they can buy more crap . Man, it reminds me way too much of this movie on TV where a bunch of slaves were moving some big statue of a god. They had it on these logs that were like rollers and most of the laves pushed this god while the rest picked up the last log and hustled it around to the front. They did this all day. The meaning behind this is that most people are stuck in the social loop of working hours like a drone, only to buy something you dont really need. Society has everyone working hard so we can take our money and put it into the system were working for. The point is to drive yourself to become more than that and learn more about yourself through fight club. The other people of the fight clubs mentioned could defend to this.The movie has a scene where Jack is mad about his condo being destroyed and the amount of stuff he had in it, saying its ok, his insurance will cover it. This is when Tyler laughs and say The things you own, end up owning you. Meaning we become dependant and broken for material possessions. Fight Club certainly promotes violence, but it does it in a way so others dont have to become involved if they choose so. It is a good way to get loosen of anger and frustration compared to how others have done it before. As long as others have an outlet to excerpt these feelings, others are safe.Some people choose to express their anger with a different violence charm targets others. Husbands sometime hit their wives, a student may bring a gun to school, or mayhap even an office worker. These things have happened and are very unfortunate to have done so. In the book , The Brimstone Journals which depict poems of student in high school and their thoughts, Lester is holding his dads gun saying he wouldnt hurt anyone with it, but if he did he would do it naked in the gym saying They wouldnt laugh then, would they? The jocks would crap their pants.The girlsd kiss my fat feet. These people became dejected and were mistreated and decided to act back. With fight club, anger is not contained and built up it is exerted with friends in a brawl. As stated previously, Fight Club remains to be about finding happiness and disconnecting from society. Sigmund Freud has a writing titled, Civilization and its Discontents and in one chapter, he evaluates how men find it difficult to become prosperous and that the line of descent of our misery is our civilization and the comfort that we as humans have made for ourselves.He says (pg38) What we call our civilization is largely responsible for our misery, and that we should be much happier if we gave it up and returned to primitive conditions. This is the main goal of Tyler Durden in Fight Club. He wants to bring civilization back to its primitive roots because its better than the narrowed society and community that we have worked so hard to make for ourselves. He says in the movie In the world I see you are stalking elk through the damp canyon forests around the ruins of Rockefeller Center.Youll wear leather c caboodlehes that will last you the rest of your life. Youll climb the wrist-thick kudzu vines that vagabond the Sears Tower. And when you look down, youll see tiny figures pounding corn, laying strips of venison on the empty car pool lane of some abandoned superhighway. This is the world that Tyler wants to create. A world where skyscrapers and highways are but remnants of an old life, and civilization has downgraded into a society of those who only perform what they need to, and are not bound by industries.Freud goes on to say that (pg38) It is a certain fact that all the things with which we seek to protect ourselves against the threats that emanate from the sources of suffering are vocalization of that very civilization. Mean that society that we have created for ourselves has also created the source of our suffering. Buddhism is known to have said that the source of all suffering comes from absentminded something. However, we have created an economy of want, surr ounded by advertisements, TV commercials and supermarkets.If wanting something is suffering, then we have created it ourselves and surrounded ourselves with it. Later in this text, he states that It was discovered that a person becomes psychoneurotic because he cannot tolerate the amount of frustration which society imposes on him in the service of its cultural ideals, and it was inferred from this that the abolishment or reduction of those demands would result in a return to possibilities of happiness. (pg39) This means that the idea of happiness in our society is reliant on the basis of a lack of work.Our lives are clustered and overwhelmed by housework, jobs, fare shopping, and the idea of not doing any of that is the only thing we know as happiness and yet we are stuck in a paradoxical loop. We want to be happy, we have to buy a new umber table, if we want that then we have to work, if we have to do that, we have to be unhappy. Being happy should not be based on the sheer co ntrast of unhappiness. Freud changes his subject to mans view of God. He goes on to say To these gods he attributed everything that seemed unattainable to his wishes, or that these gods were cultural ideals.To-day he has come very remainder to the attainment of this ideal, he has almost become god himself. (pg44). What he means by this is that gods used to be beings of unforeseen knowledge with the ability to control the element and do as they please, but we have reached an age where we can control our own world and our knowledge has gone beyond what we could have ever imagined. Freud goes on to say Future ages will bring with them new and probably unimaginably great advances in this orbit of civilization and will increase mans likeness to God still more. an does not feel happy in his Godlike character. (pg45)This merely re-emphasises what is being said. That our technological and scientific advances allow us to become the God that man has always praised. We are able to alter DNA, remove and fertilise embryos, and the inclination of an orbit goes on. In Fight Club, the aim figure is what is expected to be seen as a persons view of god. The narrator says What you end up doing, is you spend your life searching for a father and God. What you have to consider is the possibility that God doesnt like you. Could be, God hates us.This is not the worst thing that could happen. Getting Gods heed for being bad was better than getting no attention at all. Maybe because Gods hate is better than His indifference. The brings a religious aspect to the subject. It can be questioned as to weather or not God is the reason people act violently. This is true, seeing as there are cases where people commit murder in the claim that God told them to do it. And yet, an entire war happened all in the name of God, it was also known as the Crusades. Could the only way to get Gods recognition is to be bad?I cant be argued that religion has in fact created war, hatred towards other be liefs and murder. Violence is clearly an innate part of the human race as far as history and as a society. Fight Club helps to give a view that gives a justification for fighting and violent actions. With the help of Fight Club and the theories of Sigmund Freud, we have developed a better understanding as to the reasoning of actual fight clubs. We can see that they are not events where the innocent are beaten, but rather gatherings where men can exhort their anger and frustration into a physical manifestation of punches and kicks.We can see now that this type of violence among other people who want it, is better than the type of violence where others are dragged into it unwillingly. Fight Club says a lot of things about society and civilization being the source of our misery, as well as contains parallels with the work of Sigmund Freud. The book Fight Club has influenced many lives and has changed the ideals and views of many. The majority of the world is made up of people who have an urge for violence and corruption, even if they dont consider themselves to be, and the book Fight Club gives examples of this.

The Rain Horse

Explore how Hughes gradually builds up a sense of menace in The pelting Horse. In The Rain Horse, Hughes reflects his emotions of dismay, frustration and anger through imagery phrases of threat. He uses the horse as a symbolic source of his feelings and describes them in figures of speech. The return of the young valet de chambre to the farm after twelve old age made him a complete a stranger to the land which he didnt accept.The narrator manages to describe how this man is disillusioned, using the metaphor so he waited, trying to nudge the right feelings alive depicting his disappointment towards the land that he had not visited for so long , and this is conveyed in the following quote This land no longer recognized him , and he looked back at it coldly The persona seems to have a powerful sense of disconnection with the land surrounding him, and he appears with unease and frustration,felt nothing but the obtuseness of feeling nothing, boredom and suddenly impatience .The narr ator described well the young mans mixed feelings of innervation and frustration by using alliteration so old and stiff and stupid which lead him to an eventual(prenominal) anger towards himself anger against himself for blundering into this mud-trap . The phrase remembered or shouted at as a trespasser deterred him gives the melodic theme of how the man did not have a good history with the farmer since he is mentioned as a trespasser. The writer used the horse to strengthen the idea of the land to the young man rejection .

Compensated Dating

Wu Wing-ying (right) says compensated geological dating is not school-category specific, Even if a disciple studies well, her moral and values may not be correct, and testament love to make quick bucks for bulls eye names as well A survey found that nearly five percent of alternate school respondents verbalise they would involve in enjo-kosai, of which 2% came from (Band 1) secondary schools. There was a case in which a Band 1 17- familys-old secondary school girl, who eng get ond in enjo-kosai for dramatic play and quick gold, accepted the consequences of enjo-kosai after contracting a sexually transmitted diseases.The agency responsible for the survey/investigation motto that the values of compensated dating girls had been distorted, instead the agency emphasized that enjo-kosai was equivalent to prostitution, and that infantile girls needed to stay the consequences of enjo-kosai such as contracting sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy and psychological problems. Th e Hong Kong Association of Sexuality Educators, Researchers & Therapists Ltd, development questionnaires, interviewed nearly 3000, average age of 15 years old, Form 1. to Form 6 pupils in whitethorn 3000.Survey showed that 4. 6 percent of respondents said they would engage in enjo-kosai, of which 2% came from Band 1 schools, followed by 1. 7% from Band 3 schools and 6. 6% secondary school students responded that they knew or they are friends with students currently in enjo-kosai. The survey also pointed out that, 87% respondents saw enjo-kosai as a means to earn money for high consumption, such as to buy brand-name items. Second, 43% said they could find affection/being love in enjo-kosai, as well as 24% respondents said they engaged in enjo-kosai for drugs.In addition, 61% of respondents thought enjo-kosai was immoral except 45% believed enjo-kosai was a way of social life that provided different needs, and 38 percent believed enjo-kosai was the best way to make quick money. Ng wing-ying, vice chairman of the Association said that Hong Kong girls had many misunderstanding of enjo-kosai thinking enjo-kosai was not immoral, and even thought that enjo-kosai did not involve sex but love from money exchange, and access to care/ stage business, to which she believed having such distorted values and belief will curtilage great harm.She believed schools category had no impact to people engaging in enjo-kosai, Even if a student studies well in school, her/his moral and values may not be correct that he/she will also earn quick money for favorite brand name. Ng said she had contact with a 17-years-old girl compensated dating girl called Aling (a pseudonym) coming from Band 1 secondary school with a middle-class family background. Due to wanting to make quick money, construct fun and hope to obtain concern/care, she engaged in enjo-kosai, who also recruited those female students lacking money or wanting to have fun into the sea of prostitution.Yesterday, The Assoc iation played a short segment of Alings interview yesterday. Aling said that she started enjo-kosai at the age of 14 because she could make easy money. She charged about 1500 dollars, or even as high as 4000 dollars. Once, her customer didnt use condom and she had sexually transmitted infection. She said that she only concealped enjo-kosai after conflux her boyfriend, and contracting sexually transmitted diseases. She deeply regreted for engaging in enjo-kosai.Ng wing-ying worried that enjo-kosai would proliferated rapidly finished the Internet, coupled with summer approaching, enjo-kosai would become the hottest summer job. She pointed out that young girls already had fuzzy moral boundary, as Internet popularized, the prevalence of compensated dating would spread to internet as well, such as online enjo-kosai advertizement in which young girls treated prostitution as selling goods, clearly stating their figure measurements, age, and range of work which reflected the girls had completely itemize themselves as goods for sale.Ng also pointed out that slightly prostitution synidcations would induce girls with drugs so that they could easily manipulate the girls to long-term prostitution once the girls were addicted to drugs, however Ng emphasized that enjo-kosai is prostitution, and young girls should be aware of potential problems from enjo-kosai such as sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy, sexual assault and consequences of some other psychological effects.She added that parents should be vigilant about their childrens behaviors, including whether they had suddenly have more money, bought brand-names and cellphones, as well as instilling their children proper values. In addition, the guard should vigorously deter compensated dating activities, and schools should also be moral and sex education into the curriculum of moral and sexual education in order to stop this unhealthy rising trend of enjo-kosai. reasons to compensated dating 1. 87% wants to make quick bucks for spending on brand names 2. 47% says they like customers to give expensive gifts 3. 3% wants to be loved by someone 4. 42% earns money to buy drugs 5. 33% to earn tuition fee and pay family get down In the past, police had cracked down many enjo-kosai activities. In one operation, police found 20 underage girls, of which the youngest was only 13 years old. The girls and the clients both thought enjo-kosai was a natural social activity. sociable worker said young girls in enjo-kosai thought they had the freedom to pick clients therefore they did not go steady themselves as prostitutes, and these young girls also over-estimated their problem solving abilities, such that their situations was similar to people with drug problem.Police and social workers are calling for parents, teachers and school social workers to pay attention to the abnormal behavior of girls. Kowloon double-u Crime Headquarters Chief Inspector of the fifth team, Chung Chi-Ming said in Septemb er last year to target enjo-kosai, they commenced their first operation whale search operation, and successfully bashed two prostitution rings. In the second operation, though they found prostitution syndicates to have reduced activities, an emergence of Internet Pimp appeared, that is, a middle man who worked for both enjo-kosai girls and clients. There were even female middle men who became enjo-kosai girls first, then move to pimping after they didnt want to engage in enjo-kosai. From the operation, 20 girls, aged between 13 to 16 were found, of which some had disappearing records. Chung Chi-Ming said that compensated dating girls came from broken families, eager to be care, even embellished prostitution into normal social activities, the words they often say are We are not chickens, just compensated dating.Chung Chi-Ming urged parents and teachers to pay careful attention to students money spending behaviors through observation or conversation. If they found studnets to have pr ofuse spending behavior, parents and teachers should seek help from school social workers so that social workers could make referrals for psychological counseling or contacted Police for possible criminal involvement.

Discuss the significance of seemingly Essay

Discuss the logical implication of seemingly unrealistic or apparently implausible characters, places or events in books you corroborate studied. phantasmagorical or implausible characters are often used literature to aid in transmitting the designers plan and are usually of crucial constructual signifi flowerpotce, this is to say, that they are vital in the schooling of ideas that the author wants to chatter. Two of the forms that the writer might choose to give his implausible character are, for example, a evident contrast with other characters in order to convey a moral message by office of conflict, or the personification of an abstract and specific human quality in order to symbolically express his views about that given value. These devices can be observed in Brave forward-looking World by Aldous Huxley, in the character of the Savage, and in Alekos from Captain Corellis Mandolin by Louis de Bernires respectively.In Brave New World, the Savage is the main means of the author to create a clash with the Utopia portrayed since absolutely eachone in the new society is conditioned to be entirely happy with it, it is entirely a foreigner to those ideals who can confront them. This is obvious from Chapter XVII in which John and Mustapha Mond have an intense discussion about the personality of their whole world, passage that sums up and develops all of the main ideas exposed in the preceding chapters and acts as a climax too.Judging from the content of the ideological battle portrayed we may say the Aldous Huxleys intention was to convey a moral message, a warning to what uncontrolled human development may bring on a degenerated society according to our standards (note that during the novel Huxleys tone when describing the world is largely subjective and bend towards our opinion of their moral and social values, reinforcing the argument of Huxleys intention) and ultimately the lack of choice between frenzy and sanity, as indicated in the suicide o f the Savage. It is important to say that the romantic and idealistic role played by John is that of greatest proximity to our everyday beliefs and using this device Huxley desires to stress the correctness of our morality and the vice of theirs as seen in the emotive ending of chapter XVII All remediate, then, said the Savage defiantly, Im claiming the righteousness to be unhappy.Not to mention the right to grow old and ugly and impotent the right to have syphilis and cancer () I claim them all, said the Savage at last.The reader feels deep identified with John in this passage, mainly because of his rebellious and courageous tone, whereas Mustapha Mond represents domination and lack of freedom Huxley uses the common device of the conflict between seemingly oppressed individuals and the organized, cold and analytical oppressor, usually an institution, in a subjective manner, thereby touching the inner fibres of human idealism for freedom and making the reader be in the part of the Savage. In this level the Savage should be the most familiar and realist character of them all, and is probably the level at which Huxley worked more in his development of the message, yet an implausibility in the situation is open up in an underlying plane the philosophical training of the Savage.It is hardly believable that a person that has only read Shakespeare in his life and has had no real education in order to understand literatures intentions as such and therefore the matters of human nature, consciousness, life, etc., can hold such an elevated discussion, and finally, in the eyes of the reader as portrayed by Huxley, win the argument, with a man as exhaustively educated as Mustapha Mond. Given the many other incongruencies and small mistakes found in the novel (which have been recognised by Huxley himself) it seems that this implausibility was not deliberately planned in order to convey more or less message, but was an inevitable result of the authors method of exp osing the central argument.It may be so far that this is a device used to transmit an opinion about human nature and its inherent uncanny tendencies to romantic values and actual morals (as these cannot be genetic or even so kind due to the genetic engineering and the conditioning suffered by the Alphas themselves which are those who show the relative desire for these). sluice though the Savage has lacked the sufficient instruction to uphold such a discussion, human sprit, which is in every case expressed through the mind, (this would be why castes lower than Alphas cannot express this spirit) tells him certain things that are right and wrong which are subsequently the themes of discussion with Mustapha Mond. However this interpretation seems somewhat to forced and does not tie completely well with Huxleys pessimistic view of the future evident in the ending, as the concept of the inherent quality for freedom in human spirit has something of an optimistic connotation.